Ways To Be Smoke Free: A Handbook for Teenagers, Kids Parents and Young Adults

---

Not surprisingly, quit rates are very low. Here are 5 tips to help young smokers quit:. Adolescent smokers feel that it is their decision to smoke or not, not something that should be forced upon them. It is important for them to set their own goals and proceed at their own pace. Lecturing, preaching or nagging are counterproductive. Provide information, offer support and help them to make their own choices.

The long-term health effects of smoking such as cancer and heart disease are less relevant to young people. Focus instead on the immediate physical issues such as:.

Young people are often surprised to find out how much they are actually spending on cigarettes. Ask what they could buy with that money? Nicotine patches, gum, lozenges, mouth spray and inhalator reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia and anger and almost double success rates.

NRT is recommended for all addicted smokers and is approved from the age of 12 years. Young smokers are likely to be addicted if they have had difficulties quitting in the past or have experienced urges or withdrawal symptoms after not smoking for a while. Teenage smokers generally know very little about NRT. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Apr Find articles by Lindsay Richardson.

Find articles by Natalie Hemsing. Find articles by Lorraine Greaves. Find articles by Sunaina Assanand. Find articles by Patrice Allen. L Find articles by Linda Bauld. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Dec 24; Accepted Apr This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Access restrictions, illegal sales, tobacco, youth, prevention. Preventing Tobacco Use among Youth Smoking among young people is of concern due to the addictive nature of tobacco and the health risks associated with tobacco use.

Methods In this review, interventions designed to prevent the illegal sale of tobacco to young people included: Literature Searches The literature searches were conducted in July and covered studies published between and in the following standard databases: Rating the Evidence The strength of the evidence was determined using a model developed by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence NICE , an internationally respected government organization responsible for providing guidance on promoting good health and preventing and treating ill health in the United Kingdom.

Type and quality of evidence. Open in a separate window. Summary of Findings The key question of this literature review was: There are nine sub-questions that are addressed: What impact do access restrictions have on youth smoking behaviour and stage of smoking? When interventions can be compared, which are most effective in reducing illegal tobacco sales to youth? Does Effectiveness Depend on the Status of the Merchant? Is Sustained Implementation or Enforcement Important?

What Are the Facilitators and Barriers to Implementation? Limitations There are a number of limitations to this review. Conclusions Findings from this review suggest that when access interventions are implemented in a comprehensive manner, they can decrease the illegal sale of tobacco to young people. Access Restriction Evidence Table.

Preventing Smoking in Young People: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Access Interventions

Number of participants randomised to each group or otherwise. All identified smoking cessation studies for adolescents. Young adult data was limited to initiation and cessation studies. To summarize the evidence on adolescent and young adult prevention and cessation, and provide future directions for research. Data was collected from published literature. Findings reveal that studies on youth access show that young people continue to obtain cigarettes from non-commercial sources friends and family and commercial sources convenience stores.

Many of the results were not relevant to the research questions and outcomes of this review. Selected data has been used in the review. Examines the effectiveness of several tobacco control policies in discouraging cigarette smoking among youth. Policies include limits on the availability of tobacco products to youth.

Data was collected from the — Monitoring the Future campaign surveys of grade 8, 10, 12 students. Limits on the availability of tobacco products to youth were measured by several variables including: Limits on youth access to tobacco products appear to have little impact on youth cigarette smoking, likely due to weak enforcement of the laws. A well conducted study that disaggregated results based on gender and race. More information on confounders and missing data would have been useful. Indexes examined gender, SES, race, cigarette consumption, etc.

Funded by the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program. Stratified cluster sampling was used to select outlets from which youth aged 13—17 years attempted to purchase tobacco. Sales occurred in 1. A well conducted study that discussed eligibility, sampling method and reliability of results. However, the study did not discuss reliability and validity of measurement methods and exposure, and did not discuss confounders. All of the tobacco merchants were located in 8 suburban and small urban communities. The over the counter vendors included convenience stores, pharmacies, liquor stores, and gasoline stations.

All of the vending machines were located in restaurants. Funded by a grant from the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Programme.

Apparent age was a significant predictor of purchase success. A well conducted study that took many steps to reduce bias. However, confounders were not accounted for and eligibility criteria were not outlined. There was a lack of information on sampling method, eligibility criteria, and the type of analysis conducted.

No p-values were provided. To determine the effectiveness of laws restricting youth access to cigarettes on prevalence of smoking among teens. Funded by the National Cancer Institute. Conducted a systematic review of studies that reported changes in smoking associated with the presence of restrictions on the ability of teens to purchase cigarettes. Calculated the correlation between merchant compliance levels with youth access laws and prevalence 30 day and regular prevalence of youth smoking, and between changes in compliance and prevalence associated with youth access interventions.

Conducted a random effects meta-analysis to determine the change in youth prevalence associated with youth access interventions from studies that included control communities. Although none of these correlations are statistically significant, their signs suggest a positive association between increased compliance and increased smoking prevalence. There was no significant difference in youth smoking in communities with youth access interventions compared with control communities: However it is not a Cochrane which represents the benchmark for evidence-based medicine and reviews are conducted to extremely high standards.

Study also reports on factors associated with selling tobacco to minors for the most recent year of inspections. Stores were randomly selected from a list of stores that sell tobacco products in Hawaii. There was a decrease in the percent of successful purchases made over the period from to Based on multivariate analysis, only 2 variables were associated with whether a successful purchase attempt was made in A very well conducted study that accounted for confounders, had a high participation rate, and dealt with missing data. Hawaii Tobacco Control Settlement Fund.

1. Introduction: Preventing Tobacco Use among Youth

To provide a comprehensive review of interventions and policies aimed at reducing youth cigarette smoking in the US, including strategies that have undergone evaluation and emerging innovations that have not yet been accessed for efficiency. Ted Klein, president of Ted Klein and Co. Medline literature searches, books, reports, electronic list servers, and interviews with tobacco control advocates.

Youth smoking prevention control efforts have had mixed results. However, this review suggests a number of prevention strategies that are promising, especially if conducted in a coordinated way to take advantage of potential synergies across interventions. Several types of strategies warrant additional attention and evaluation including aggressive media campaigns.

A well conducted review, however, studies were limited to the US. Furthermore, it is not a Cochrane review which is the benchmark for evidence-based medicine and reviews. Thirty-six children 18 girls, 18 boys were recruited to participate in the study. Tobacco Related Disease Research Program. When age was asked, minors were refused cigarettes Requesting ID was more strongly associated with decreased sales than asking age. Good reliability and validity, however, the study dates were not clear, confounders were not addressed and missing data was mentioned but not accounted for.

When clerks requested ID, sales were more than 6 times as frequent if minors presented ID than if they did not A well conducted study that adequately addressed concealment, treatment and control groups and comparison of results across sites. The purpose of this review is to formulate future policies and create a framework for additional research Interventions: Included enforcement efforts to reduce access by minors at stores, vending machines and social sources. The relationship between youth access policies and smoking rates is inconsistent.

The researchers also found that in many cases the intervention had only short-term results. The researchers found that a successful policy that reduces retail sales usually has a multi-component approach that includes severe enforcement and penalties, as well as community education and mobilization. A well conducted review that adequately addressed the significance of combining community, mobilization and enforcement to tackle smoking among youth.

Of the 49 merchants prosecuted to date December , 41 were convicted. No information on the type of analysis and no info on sampling frame. There was a general lack of information. Examine the differential effects of cigarette prices, clean indoor air laws, youth access laws and other socio-economic factors on smoking uptake among US high school students.

The study also examines whether those at the final stages of uptake are more price responsive than those at the beginning stage. Questions examined actual smoking behaviour, risk of uptake among non-smokers, and numerous variables examining SES, ethnicity, gender and age. The finding that the impact of compliance is larger for those who are in later stages supports the hypothesis that social sources of cigarettes are more important in the earlier stages of smoking uptake.

A well conducted study, however, there was no baseline or comparison and no information on missing data readers are told the data is missing but we are not told how this impacts the results. Is there evidence that any of the strategies is superior to the others? Do reduced sales of tobacco to minors reduce the prevalence of tobacco use?

Assess the effects of interventions to reduce underage access to tobacco by deterring shopkeepers from making illegal sales. The review considered education, law enforcement, community mobilization, or combinations of strategies that aimed to deter merchants from selling tobacco to minors.

No strategy achieved complete, sustained compliance. In three controlled trials, there was little effect of intervention on youth perceptions of access or prevalence of smoking. The Cochrane reviews represent the benchmark for evidence-based medicine, and reviews are conducted to extremely high standards.

5 tips to help young people quit smoking

Purchase attempts were made in supermarkets, food stores, after-hours supermarkets, newsagents and gas stations. In , , , and , test purchases of tobacco were conducted in controlled forms by 48 adolescents in three regions of Sweden. In addition, 28 structured phone interviews were conducted with key people in tobacco prevention work. Results showed differences between the three regions p values ranging from 0.

This study was well conducted but lacked information on eligibility criteria, and was missing data i. The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the prerequisites for tobacco prevention.

5 tips to help young people quit smoking

The situations before and after the introduction of a minimum age law were compared with respect to opportunities for adolescents to buy tobacco, and to attitudes towards the law. Data was collected in and with a questionnaire examining tobacco, alcohol, drugs, health, family finances etc.

Specific questions asked youth for their attitudes towards the minimum age law Findings revealed that the proportion of boys and girls in year 7 who said that they had bought tobacco during the previous month had decreased significantly from Restricting the analysis to smokers, the proportion of girls who bought tobacco in shops decreased in all ages groups Year 7: Corresponding figures for boys showed a statistically significant decrease only among year 9 students A well conducted study that discussed the type of analysis conducted and eligibility.

However, there was a lack of information on missing data, confounders and reliability. Under controlled conditions adolescents of varying ages carried out test purchases of tobacco. Requests for age or ID substantially decreased the likelihood of successful purchase. A well conducted study that included a baseline survey. However, participants who carried out test purchase attempts were legal 18 years old , and simply looked young. This could raise issues of reliability and validity. A total of primary tobacco outlets were also identified via a database.

Determine whether inspections are effective as a means of increasing merchant compliance in restricting sales to persons under the age of 18 years, especially among merchants who have violated the law in the past. Secondary data analysis was performed on inspection date from — The investigative team identified tobacco retail outlets with more than one inspection within the last 19 month time frame.

The percentage of violations at Inspection 2 was significantly lower than the percentage of violations at Inspection 1 Study was well conducted and outlined eligibility criteria. Study also does a good job of outlining limitations. However, it failed to account for confounders, and missing data. Merchants to be tested: Examine retail compliance with prohibition of sales to minors.

Proportion of youth smoking was also examined. Retail compliance with prohibition of sales to minors was monitored through a series of undercover compliance surveys between and Compliance rates were affected by a campaign aimed at increasing merchant awareness of their obligations under the new law and well publicised prosecutions. Active enforcement of law in Since then only three merchants have been successfully prosecuted, 2 in and 1 in Non-compliance in surveys dropped from The overall proportion of 12—17 year olds reporting at least monthly smoking dropped from Confounders mentioned but not accounted for.

Study outlined eligibility criteria and response rates.

However, changes in the types and intensity of the intervention likely changed compliance checks. Acknowledgments This article is based on a rapid review on youth prevention of tobacco use for and funded by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence NICE in the United Kingdom for the purposes of informing national guidance. Smoking uptake and young people search strategies. The relationship between tobacco access and use among adolescents: Covered in Cochrane Review. Public Health , 81 , — Santa Clara County, CA.

Effects of publicity and a warning letter on illegal cigarette sales to minors. Public Health , 18 , 39— The long-term effect of local policies to restrict retail sale of tobacco to youth. Evaluation of an enforcement program to reduce tobacco sales to minors. Public Health , 88 , — Monitoring vendor compliance with tobacco sales laws: Public Health , 86 , — Not relevant to research question. Preventing youth access to tobacco products in Maryland. Not an intervention Dovell, R.

Changes among retailers selling cigarettes to minors. Public Health , 87 , 66— The effects of coming education and enforcement to reduce tobacco sales to minors: The effects of community policies to reduce youth access to tobacco. Locking devices on cigarette vending machines: Evaluation of a city ordinance. Paul, MN Gemson, D. Laying down the law: Reducing illegal tobacco sales to minors in central Harlem.

Covered in Cochrane Review, Goldstein, A. How does North Carolina law enforcement limit youth access to tobacco products? No outcomes of interest. Active enforcement of cigarettes control laws in the prevention of cigarette sales to minors. Effects of enforcement of youth access laws on smoking prevalence. Long-term findings from Woodridge in reducing illegal cigarette sales to older minors.

Woodridge, IL Jason, L. Reducing the illegal sales of cigarettes to minors: Analysis of alternative enforcement schedules.

Subscribe to our Newsletter

Reducing tobacco sales to minors in Manly: Aust , 7 , 29— Manly, a suburb in Sydney, Australia. Effect of retailer intervention on cigarette sales to minors in San Diego County, California. Control , 2 , — Application of consumer protection authority in preventing tobacco sales to minors. Tobacco Control , 11 , — Special communication, descriptive study. Preventing illegal tobacco and alcohol sales to minors through electronic age-verification devices:

• El hombre que lucha por la paz en Líbano (Spanish Edition)
• La gota de rocío (Spanish Edition)
• Dizzy Fantastic and Her Flying Bicycle
• Knights of the Round Table (with panel zoom)/n/t/t/t - Classics Illustrated
• De la colonisation de la Guyane Française (French Edition)
• The Beginners Guide to the Kindle Fire (and Fire HD)