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If you give up on a big dream too early, you have probably stepped on gold and mistook it for a rock. Leadership Ideas from Successful Global Leaders. Never Give Up Dreams accomplishments. Most people never pick up the phone, most people never ask. And you gotta be willing to fail. Be led by your dreams. There are two big days in any love story: Marriage Love Stories Dreams big days. Poetry, dreams, desire, everything leads me to you. Poetry Dreams Desire Love romance.
People are capable, at any time in their lives, of doing what they dream of. Dreams Dreaming Achieving Life Inspirational.
It's the possibility of having a dream come true that makes life interesting. Dreams Extroverted INtuition Life. It shouldn't be easy to be amazing.
Then everything would be. It's the things you fight for and struggle with before earning that have the greatest worth. Success Dreams Hard Work.
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Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Moreover fennel infusions are the classical decoction for nursing babies to prevent flatulence and colic spasm. Traditionally in Europe and Mediterranean areas fennel is used as antispasmodic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, secretomotor, secretolytic, galactagogue, eye lotion, and antioxidant remedy and integrator. Topically, fennel powder is used as a poultice for snake bites. In Asian cultures fennel was ingested to speed the elimination of poisons. As one of the ancient Saxon people's nine sacred herbs, fennel was credited with the power to cure.
Fennel was also valued as a magic herb: Recently because of estragole carcinogenicity, fennel has been charged to be dangerous for humans especially if used as decoction for babies. But this allegation do not consider the remedy is prepared as a matrix of substances, and recent researches confirm that pure estragole is inactivated by many substance contained in the decoction.
Foeniculum vulgare has two commercially important fennel types: Several fennel parts are edible bulbs, leaves, stalks, and fruits. Mature fruit commonly known as seeds and essential oil of fennel are used as flavoring agents in food products such as liqueurs, bread, cheese, and an ingredient of cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Moreover fennel infusions are the classical decoction for nursing babies to prevent flatulence and colic spasms [ 1 — 4 ].
It is thus of extreme importance the efficacy, quality, and most of all toxicology of fennel based remedies and preparations is assessed, namely, when estragole Figure 1 , one of its constituents, has been notoriously declared to be a carcinogen substance [ 5 ]. We contend that study of estragole as a single substance can be misleading and misrepresents the activity of this substance when present in the form of a complex herbal extract.
This brings into question the validity of studies of pure compoudns that are taken outside of the context of the normal food matrix, which should serve as the benchmark for testing levels in human carcinogenicity studies. According to the 2nd edition of the European Pharmacopoeia monograph, sweet fennel contains not less than 2.
Other minor constituents may be present including: Furthermore, sweet fennel contains other nonvolatile constituents such as flavonoids and coumarins [ 12 , 13 ], which have not received till now sufficient attention with regard to pharmacological properties [ 14 ].
Get to Know Us. Van Bladeren, and I. Jack Noble rated it it was amazing May 29, The essential oils of two of the fennel cultivars, that is, azoricum and dulce , showed dramatically higher antioxidant activities than the essential oil of the vulgare cultivar [ 23 ]. Especially for food and herbal derivatives it may be particularly difficult.
In a paper the essential oil yield of bitter fennel fruits was In infusions the proportion of ethers versus ketones was shifted significantly towards a higher of the latter, compared with the essential oil obtained from the fruits [ 15 ]. The use of unbroken fruit to prepare infusions is incorrect: Many phytochemical researches have been conducted so far to investigate the chemical composition of fennel essential oil with different results: The major components of fennel are phenylpropanoid derivatives: Essential oil composition depends upon internal and external factors affecting the plant such as genetic structures and ecological conditions; agricultural practices also have critical effects on yield and oil composition in the essential oil crops, although essential oil has some main components that can variate significantly according to the maturation period [ 21 ].
Piccaglia and Mariotti [ 19 ] indicated the presence of five different chemical groups in the essential oils isolated from fresh aerial parts of wild fennel collected in thirteen Italian areas: The relative amount of trans-anethole in these oils were much lower than those that characterize bitter fennel oils [ 22 ]. Some previous studies on fennel fruits essential oils have also mentioned estragole chemotypes in variable amounts a variability in the variety , where estragole alone dominates the oil, or is present together with either trans-anethole or fenchone [ 18 ].
These results for the chemical composition of the essential oils of fennel aerial parts and fruits, support the view of Miraldi [ 7 ] that knowledge of fennel essential oils is still not enough to distinguish accurately all the existing varieties [ 18 ].
So it is very difficult to establish the effective amount of essential oil, estragole, and other substance in different industrial and homemade preparations. In a recent paper [ 23 ] was studied the chemical composition of 3 organically cultivated fennel cultivars: The two azoricum and dulce cultivars are similar in their chemical composition but greatly different than the vulgare cultivar: The essential oils of two of the fennel cultivars, that is, azoricum and dulce , showed dramatically higher antioxidant activities than the essential oil of the vulgare cultivar [ 23 ].
The three oils contain similar concentrations of all other major compounds excluding trans-anethole and estragole suggesting that antioxidant activity is mostly related to the concentration of trans-anethole [ 23 ]. One of the major differences between the chemical structure of estragole and anethole is the double bond of the propenyl side chain: Thus the proportion of the dose that undergoes O-demethylation declines in a dose-dependent fashion and is accompanied by an increase in the proportion of the dose that undergoes urinary elimination [ 24 ].
This change presumably arises from saturation of the enzyme systems responsible for O-dealkylation. Sulfuric acid esters of these compounds have been strongly implicated as the major ultimate electrophilic and carcinogenic metabolites in vivo. To study bioactivation and detoxification of suspect toxic substance derived from estragole the PBK Physiologically based kinetic model was extended to a physiologically based dynamic PBD model, by which predict the formation of DNA adducts in the liver of male rats [ 31 ].
The PBD model thus obtained, was validated by in vivo experimental data on DNA adducts formation in the liver of mice exposed to estragole, since data from rat were not available [ 26 ]. Literature reports the formation of 1 adduct in Thus, levels of DNA adducts formation in the two studies are within the same order of magnitude [ 26 ]. The slight difference can be explained by the difference in the experimental design of the two studies. At dose levels that match the available estimates for the daily intake of estragole, amounting to 0.
Estragole, like other allylbenzene analogs in the liver, is subject to biotransformation which can generate reactive electrophilic intermediates; the allylic epoxides form readily in vitro , but can be rapidly further metabolized to less toxic dihydrol or glutathione conjugates [ 36 ]. Epoxide metabolites of allylbenzene are highly reactive and the metabolic pathway initiated by epoxidation has an equivalent potential for biochemical damage to that posed by the 1-hydroxylation pathway [ 36 ].
Using levels of epoxides fold the maximal exposure to estragole in human diet in cells of different species, human liver cells had by far the highest allylic epoxide hydrolase activity, seven to 10 times higher than that seen in rat liver; probably the level of physiological protection against these reactants in humans, is higher than in other animal species [ 36 ].
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Hence, glucuronidation represents another significant route of detoxification of estragole in all species studied and humans too, that can be activated, although in a different way, by many different flavonoids that are part of the fennel matrix decoction. Interest in the safety of estragole as a food flavoring stems from observations on the closely related compound safrole, which is both hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rodents.
Estragole has been shown to be an hepatocarcinogen in preweanling CD-1 mice and preweanling B6C3F1 mice [ 30 , 42 ]. We think these data should stimulate reflection about real worth of these experiments in the evaluation of estragole and its derivatives, that probably has been overestimated. In both species the main route of elimination of very low doses was exhalation of 14 CO 2 and urine was a minor route [ 27 ]. In these experiments as the dose level increased, the exhalation of 14 CO 2 , expressed as a percentage of the dose fell, while excretion in the urine rose.
The excretion of acidic metabolites, indicated by the percentage of urinary 14 C extracted into ether at pH 1. The elimination of polar unextractable metabolites fell significantly with increasing dose in both species [ 27 ]. Probably rodent carcinogenicity tests overestimate the risk of estragole carcinogenicity. Another important difference in estragole metabolism between mice and humans is highlighted by an examination of dose dependency.
In mice increasing doses of estragole leads to increasing levels of the metabolite in urine: A subsequent study on the metabolism of trans-anethole found that it was eliminated by humans 6 to 9 times quicker than by mice [ 43 ]. Which constituent s of the extract is responsible for this effect was not fully investigated [ 45 ]. The significant increase in malondialdehyde levels and the significant decrease in catalase activity and glutathione content in liver and tumor tissue in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma improved after administration of the extract.