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Vermicompost is the product or process of organic material degradation using various species of worms, usually red wigglers , white worms , and earthworms, to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste excluding meat, dairy, fats, or oils , bedding materials, and vermicast. Vermicast, also known as worm castings , worm humus or worm manure, is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by species of earthworm.
Vermicomposting can also be applied for treatment of sewage sludge. A composting toilet collects human excreta. These are added to a compost heap that can be located in a chamber below the toilet seat. Sawdust and straw or other carbon rich materials are usually added as well. Some composting toilets do not require water or electricity; others may. If they do not use water for flushing they fall into the category of dry toilets.
Industrial Composting: Environmental Engineering and Facilities Management - CRC Press Book. INDUSTRIAL Environmental Engineering . Potentially Associated Risks with Composting or Compost Use 10 .. Facility Ownership and Management.
Some composting toilet designs use urine diversion , others do not. When properly managed, they do not smell. The composting process in these toilets destroys pathogens to some extent. The amount of pathogen destruction depends on the temperature mesophilic or thermophilic conditions and composting time. Composting toilets with a large composting container of the type Clivus Multrum and derivations of it are popular in United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Sweden.
They are available as commercial products, as designs for self builders or as "design derivatives" which are marketed under various names. Bokashi is a method that uses a mix of microorganisms to cover food scraps or wilted plants to decrease smell, reduce the risk of attracting pests and increase the speed of decomposition. The technique relies on effective microorganisms. These essential microbes are typically added to the food scraps using an inoculated bokashi bran. Newspaper fermented in a lactobacillus culture can be substituted for bokashi bran for a successful bokashi bucket.
The first stage of bokashi preserves the ingredients in a lactic acid fermentation. The acid is a natural disinfectant, used as such in household cleaning products, so that what enters the second digestion stage is essentially free of microbial pathogens. Compost teas are defined as water extracts leached from composted materials.
Organic ingredients intended for composting can also be used to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion. This process stabilizes organic material. The residual material, sometimes in combination with sewage sludge can be treated by a composting process before selling or giving away the compost. There are process and product guidelines in Europe that date to the early s Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and only more recently in the UK and the US. In both these countries, private trade associations within the industry have established loose standards, some say as a stop-gap measure to discourage independent government agencies from establishing tougher consumer-friendly standards.
Compost is regulated in Canada [39] and Australia [40] as well.
Many countries such as Wales [41] [42] and some individual cities such as Seattle and San Francisco require food and yard waste to be sorted for composting San Francisco Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance. The advantage of this method is that little working time or effort is required from the composter and it fits in naturally with agricultural practices in temperate climates.
Disadvantages from the modern perspective are that space is used for a whole year, some nutrients might be leached due to exposure to rainfall, and disease-producing organisms and insects may not be adequately controlled.
Composting was somewhat modernized beginning in the s in Europe as a tool for organic farming. In the English-speaking world it was Sir Albert Howard who worked extensively in India on sustainable practices and Lady Eve Balfour who was a huge proponent of composting. Composting was imported to America by various followers of these early European movements by the likes of J. Rodale founder of Rodale Organic Gardening , E.
Pfeiffer who developed scientific practices in biodynamic farming , Paul Keene founder of Walnut Acres in Pennsylvania , and Scott and Helen Nearing who inspired the back-to-the-land movement of the s. Coincidentally, some of the above met briefly in India - all were quite influential in the U. The term was first used in in a book by Joseph Jenkins that advocates the use of this organic soil amendment.
News reporters may use the term also for sewage sludge or biosolids.
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Offline Computer — Download Bookshelf software to your desktop so you can view your eBooks with or without Internet access. Compost is regulated in Canada [39] and Australia [40] as well. We provide a free online form to document your learning and a certificate for your records. It can recycle an unwanted by-product from another process a waste into a useful new product. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Composting. Environment portal Category by country by material by product organizations Index Commons.
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science. Pollution a to Z. Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 2nd ed. The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering. Retrieved 26 October Retrieved 11 July Retrieved 6 October Retrieved 21 December Field Guide to On-Farm Composting. Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service.
Compost maturity - problems associated with testing. Exclusive web offer for individuals. Environmental Engineering and Facilities Management. Add to Wish List. Toggle navigation Additional Book Information. Summary The ultimate in recycling, composting has been in use in some form since ancient times. Designed for composting professionals and supported by extensive quality references, this book covers: Author s Bio Dr. Reviews "Any reference by Dr. Request an e-inspection copy. Combustion and Incineration Processes: Applications in Environmental Engineering, Fourth Edition. Evapotranspiration Covers for Landfills and Waste Sites.
Management of Pollutant Emission from Landfills and Sludge. The Bookshelf application offers access: Due to former mining operations at the site, soils characterized as cut and fill and strip mine spoil occupy various portions of the site. When the facility owners planned to expand operations, they contacted Bowser-Morner to assist them with the technical expertise in developing and implementing a program to stabilize the underground mines beneath the planned expansion areas as required by rule. You can trust Bowser-Morner for comprehensive engineering solutions for: Construction and demolition debris landfills Industrial solid waste facilities Municipal solid waste facilities Transfer stations Compost facilities Our engineers have also worked with numerous other industrial waste facilities involving paper sludge, utility ash, refinery sludge, and similar materials.
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