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His education emphasized languages, history, literature, mathematics and dancing. When Philippe was eight, the civil war known as the Fronde began in France. It lasted until in its two main phases: During the conflict, the royal family was obliged to flee Paris on the night of 9 February [14] for the safety of Saint-Germain-en-Laye [15] in order to avoid a revolt by the nobility against Mazarin. When peace returned, the decision was made for Philippe to move his household to the Palais des Tuileries , previously the residence of the duchess of Montpensier opposite the Palais Royal.
All his life, Philippe would be a noted lover of etiquette and panoply, ensuring that all ceremonial details were adhered to. In late June , Louis became gravely ill.
Presumed to have typhoid , Louis was almost pronounced dead when, in mid-July, he began to recover. The illness made Philippe, heir presumptive to the throne, the centre of attention. For fear of infection, Philippe could not see his brother. During the crisis, Queen Anne became closer to her younger son, showing him more affection. Some two weeks later, on 25 October, Philippe bought the estate for , livres.
In order to discourage the type of tempestuous relationship that had developed between Louis XIII and his younger brother Gaston, Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin made it a private policy to prevent Philippe from pursuing ambitions which might prompt rivalry with or defiance of the king.
Aside from his appanage, he was given no meaningful financial freedom from the Crown. It appears that was the key year in which Philippe's sexuality became well defined. Even once married, he reportedly carried on open romantic affairs with German nobles, with no regard to either of his two wives. Philippe was infatuated with the famously arrogant Armand de Gramont, comte de Guiche. The latter had entered Philippe's life as captain of the chase and stayed in his household until Philippe's death.
Among the lovers, one man stands out, Philip of Lorraine-Armagnac , the never-married Chevalier de Lorraine , who was described as "insinuating, brutal and devoid of scruple". Finally, he was banished to Rome. He had previously been encouraged to court his older cousin the Duchess of Montpensier , eldest daughter of Gaston and his first wife Marie de Bourbon. Known as Mademoiselle at this time, she had an immense private fortune and had previously rejected suitors such as Charles II of England.
Mademoiselle declined the union, complaining that Philippe always stayed near his mother as if he was "like a child". They lived at the Palais Royal and at the Palais du Louvre. In , after the restoration of the House of Stuart to the throne of England under her brother Charles II , Princess Henrietta returned to England to visit her sister, the Princess of Orange , [37] who later caught smallpox and died. The French court officially asked for Henrietta's hand on behalf of Philippe on 22 November while she was in England.
Court gossip later said that the king was the father of Henrietta's first child. Henrietta's very open flirting is said to have caused a jealous Philippe to retaliate by beginning to flaunt his sexuality openly in a less than accepting era. Henrietta's flirting with the king started early in the summer of while the newlyweds were staying at the Palace of Fontainebleau for the summer.
Philippe complained to his mother about the intimacy that Louis and Henrietta displayed, which led Queen Anne to reprimand both son and daughter-in-law. The couple moved from the Tuileries in early to the Palais Royal. The girl was baptised on 21 May In , Henrietta gave birth at Fontainebleau to a son who was given the title Duke of Valois.
The child seems to be in excellent health". Philippe, however, was anxious to maintain the allowance which his son had received from the king. In , the comte de Guiche was exiled from the court with Philippe reporting to Queen Anne that Henrietta had had private interviews with the dashing nobleman.
Philippe took part in the War of Devolution in while Henrietta remained at Saint Cloud in a state of pregnancy. On the field, Philippe took an active part in the trenches at Tournai and Douay and distinguished himself through his valour and coolness under fire. Hearing that Henrietta was ill due to a miscarriage, he returned to Saint Cloud, where she was recovering from an ordeal which almost cost her her life. He was finally banished to Rome after offending the king and Henrietta by boasting that he could get Philippe to divorce her. The couple had their last child in August , a daughter who was baptised Anne Marie at the private chapel of the Palais Royal on 8 April by Philippe's first chaplain, the bishop of Vabres.
Henrietta is best known to political historians in France for her part in negotiating the Secret Treaty of Dover , an offensive and defensive treaty between England and France signed at Dover on 1 June The Third Anglo-Dutch War was a direct consequence of this treaty. Having returned to France at the end of June , Henrietta had to endure Philippe's blatant spite [61] for her part in the Chevalier's exile and her secret mission to Dover.
Despite tense relations, she travelled to Saint Cloud on 24 June, when she started to complain of pains in her side. Taken inside, she was undressed and started to exclaim that she had been poisoned. Henrietta was mourned greatly at the court of France, but little by her husband, due to their strained relationship.
Louis himself asked her if she wanted to fill "the vacant place", [67] but she politely declined the offer. She was recommended by Anna Gonzaga , a confidante of Philippe's and wife of the bride's uncle, the Prince Palatine Edward. Elizabeth Charlotte had grown up with her aunt Sophia of Hanover due to her parents' bad relationship. Throughout her life she would remain in contact with the Electress Sophia, writing some 50, letters that detailed life at the court of France.
When Philippe first saw her, he is said to have remarked "how will I ever be able to sleep with her? She became renowned for her brusque candour, upright character, and lack of vanity. Her letters record how willingly she gave up sharing Philippe's bed at his request after their children's births and how unwillingly she quietly endured the presence of his male favourites in their household.
The couple were very happy in the first years of their marriage. The Chevalier de Lorraine was in Italy, but returned in spring Pregnant later that year, Elizabeth Charlotte gave birth to a son in June who was named Alexandre Louis and given the title Duke of Valois. Alexandre Louis died, however, in Elizabeth Charlotte acted as a mother to Philippe's children by Henrietta and maintained correspondence with them until their last days. Having already established himself as a successful military commander during the War of Devolution in , Philippe was eager to return to the field.
In and he took part in sieges in Flanders, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant general , which made him second-in-command to Louis XIV himself. The most impressive victory won under Philippe's command took place on 11 April Philippe, who learned of his plans, arranged to meet William's forces at Penebeek between Noordpeene and Zuytpeene. By nightfall there were 66, soldiers ready for battle.
The Dutch attacked the French positions without scouting first. Marshal Luxembourg surprised the Dutch with a cavalry attack that practically destroyed three battalions and routed William's army. In all, casualties on both sides amounted to 4, dead and 7, wounded. Philippe was hailed for his skill as a military commander, much to the annoyance of his brother, the king. The latter was his favourite residence, [80] the home of an ever-expanding and "stormy" court. Following Lepautre's death in , work on Saint Cloud was continued by his executive assistant Jean Girard in collaboration with Thomas Gobert.
Later on, Philippe sought Mansart to design a grand staircase in the left wing in the manner of the Ambassadors' Staircase at Versailles. At the time of Philippe's death in , the estate of Saint Cloud covered some1, acres 4. Minor improvements at the Palais Royal began in at the time of Philippe's marriage to Henrietta, but the property was part of the crown holdings, and had not been used officially for years.
Philippe not only enjoyed architecture and court society, but also music and dancing; he was in fact famed for his exceptional dancing abilities. Philippe was a patron of musicians such as Anglebert , Dumont , Arlaud , and Marie Aubry , many of whom would stay part of his son's household after his death in Philippe's small art collection created the basis for the Orleans Collection , one of the most important art collections ever assembled. With the permission of the parlement of Paris, Philippe sponsored projects to help maintain his estates and enhance their profitability.
Philippe's careful investment and management of his various estates made him a wealthy man in his own right, and his fortune was augmented considerably at the death of his cousin Mademoiselle in In later life, Philippe was thus able to maintain his lavish lifestyle easily, and he found much satisfaction in the activities of his children and grandchildren. Both of his daughters by his first wife Henrietta became queens, and his son the Duke of Chartres pursued an active and distinguished military career, having served at the Battle of Steenkerque in as well as the Siege of Namur , much to his father's pride.
In , Philippe's granddaughter Maria Adelaide came to the French court from Italy for her marriage to Louis, Duke of Burgundy , who was third in line to the throne. In , Chartres was denied a position on the front in the War of the Spanish Succession , which began that year. Nonetheless, the announcement of dinner halted the argument, and the brothers sat down to dine.
Philippe angrily returned to Saint Cloud early the same evening to dine with his son. What's New - Home - Login. School Donation Program In Memory of How To Swap Books? Charles Roger Hargreaves 9 May — 11 September was an English author and illustrator of children's books, notably the Mr. Men and Little Miss series, intended for very young readers. The books' simple and silly stories, with bright-coloured, boldly drawn illustrations, have been part of popular culture for over 25 years, with sales over million worldwide in 15 languages.
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