Contents:
It challenges the accepted view of the masses on characters of scripture, and will show from the Bible and secular historical accounts where descendants of a family that started out in Mesopotamia can be found today. Black People need to recognize their roots in order to grow, and become fi t for the services they were created to perform.
The journey will aquaint readers with the contributions Africans made to the world,and the inherited legacy theyve been denied. The World of Jesus. The New Unger's Bible Dictionary. The Cities That Built the Bible. Countdown to the Apocalypse. HarperCollins Atlas of Bible History. The Bible Period by Period: Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations. The History of Ancient Israel. Jesus in the House of the Pharaohs. Archaeology and the Bible.
Unveiling Mysteries of the Bible. The Bible's Hidden Years. History and Prophecy of the Middle East. Zondervan Essential Atlas of the Bible. The Dawn of Christianity. The Origin of Freemasonry and Knights Templar. Rose Then and Now Bible Atlas.
The Biblical Journey of Slavery: From Egypt to the Americas [Lynette Joseph- Bani] on www.farmersmarketmusic.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This book tells the. The Biblical Journey of Slavery: From Egypt to the Americas - Kindle edition by Lynette Joseph-Bani. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC.
The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha. The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 5. Birth of Solomon to Reign of Ahab. Bible Believer's Archaeology - Volume 2: The Search for Truth. World War 3 Coming Soon! The Book of Daniel.
Biblical Geography and History. The End of All Things is at Hand. The Sounding of the Horn. Secrets of the Black Hebrews. The Heart of Hebrew History. Kings of the Jews. Unraveling the Family History of Jesus. The Black Biblical Heritage. Was Achilles a Jew? The Biblical Prophets for Today. God's Plan of the Ages Volume 4: King Ahaz to Messiah. Facts, Fiction, and the Bible. An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism.
The Nations of the Old Testament: Their Relationship with Israel and Bible Prophecy. Ancient Israel at War — BC. The Makers and Teachers of Judaism. From the 7th century until around the s, the Arab slave trade continued in one form or another. Historical accounts and references to slave-owning nobility in Arabia, Yemen and elsewhere are frequent into the early s. In during the Baqt , a treaty between the Nubian Christian state of Makuria and the new Muslim rulers of Egypt, the Nubians agreed to give Arab traders more privileges of trade in addition to a share in their slave trading.
To meet the demand for menial labor, Bantus from southeastern Africa captured by Somali slave traders were sold in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries to customers in Somalia and other areas in Northeast Africa and Asia. Collectively, these Bantu groups are known as Mushunguli , which is a term taken from Mzigula , the Zigua tribe's word for "people" the word holds multiple implied meanings including "worker", "foreigner", and "slave".
In Ethiopia, during the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century, slaves shipped from there had a high demand in the markets of the Arabian peninsula and elsewhere in the Middle East. They were mostly domestic servants, though some served as agricultural labourers, or as water carriers, herdsmen, seamen, camel drivers, porters, washerwomen, masons, shop assistants and cooks. The most fortunate of the men worked as the officials or bodyguards of the ruler and emirs, or as business managers for rich merchants. Besides Javanese and Chinese girls brought in from the Far East, "red" non-black Ethiopian young females were among the most valued concubines.
The most beautiful ones often enjoyed a wealthy lifestyle, and became mistresses of the elite or even mothers to rulers. In the Central African Republic, during the 16th and 17th centuries Muslim slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were enslaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers.
Some descendants of African slaves brought to the Middle East during the slave-trade still live there today, and are aware of their African origins. The North African slave markets traded also in European slaves. The European slaves were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Netherlands, and as far afield as Iceland.
Men, women, and children were captured to such a devastating extent that vast numbers of sea coast towns were abandoned. Ohio State University history Professor Robert Davis describes the white slave trade as minimized by most modern historians in his book Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: Davis estimates that 1 million to 1. In the s, the slave trade from Africa to the Islamic countries picked up significantly. When the European slave trade ended around the s, the slave trade to the east picked up significantly [ dubious — [[Talk: Arab slave trade Repetition of wording-due to the editor forgetting to erase discarded version, or clumsy wording hiding nuance, "to the Islamic countries" not the same as "to the east [as seen from Africa]"?
In , Swiss explorer Johann Burckhardt wrote of his travels in Egypt and Nubia , where he saw the practice of slave trading: I may venture to state, that very few female slaves who have passed their tenth year, reach Egypt or Arabia in a state of virginity. David Livingstone wrote of the slave trade in the African Great Lakes region, which he visited in the mid-nineteenth century:. To overdraw its evils is a simple impossibility We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path. We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead We came upon a man dead from starvation The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems real to be broken heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves.
Zanzibar was once East Africa's main slave-trading port, and under Omani Arabs in the 19th century as many as 50, slaves were passing through the city each year. Livingstone wrote in a letter to the editor of the New York Herald:.
And if my disclosures regarding the terrible Ujijian slavery should lead to the suppression of the East Coast slave trade, I shall regard that as a greater matter by far than the discovery of all the Nile sources together. During the Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery; estimates of abductions range from 14, to , Slavery in Mauritania was legally abolished by laws passed in , , and Slavery was comparatively recently outlawed in Oman [80] , Qatar , Saudi Arabia, and Yemen both in Islamic sharia law allowed slavery but prohibited slavery involving other preexisting Muslims; as a result, the main target for slavery were the people who lived in the frontier areas of the Muslim world.
Slaves initially came from various regions, including Central Asia such as mamluks and Europe such as saqaliba , but by the modern period , slaves came mostly from Africa. According to the sharia law, slaves were allowed to earn their living if they opted for that, otherwise it is the owner's master duty to provide for that. They also could not be forced to earn money for their masters unless with an agreement between the slave and the master.
If slaves agree to that and they would like the money they earn to be counted toward their emancipation , then this has to be written in the form of a contract between the slave and the master. The framework of Islamic civilization was a well-developed network of towns and oasis trading centers with the market souq , bazaar at its heart. These towns were inter-connected by a system of roads crossing semi-arid regions or deserts. The routes were traveled by convoys, and slaves formed part of this caravan traffic.
In contrast to the Atlantic slave trade, where the male-female ratio was 2: This suggests a general preference for female slaves. Concubinage and reproduction served as incentives for importing female slaves often Caucasian , though many were also imported mainly for performing household tasks.
Abdelmajid Hannoum a professor at Wesleyan University, states that racist attitudes were not prevalent until the 18th and 19th century. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries from the ninth to the nineteenth. In the 8th century, Africa was dominated by Arab-Berbers in the north: Islam moved southwards along the Nile and along the desert trails. There is historical evidence of North African Muslim slave raids all along the Mediterranean coasts across Christian Europe.
Many of these slaves later went on to serve in the armies forming an elite rank. Since Roman times , long convoys had transported slaves as well as all sorts of products to be used for barter.
To protect against attacks from desert nomads, slaves were used as an escort. Any who slowed down the progress of the caravan were killed. Historians know less about the sea routes. From the evidence of illustrated documents, and travellers' tales, it seems that people travelled on dhows or jalbas , Arab ships which were used as transport in the Red Sea. Crossing the Indian Ocean required better organisation and more resources than overland transport.
Slaves were sold as far away as India, or even China: Although Chinese slave traders bought slaves Seng Chi i. One important commodity being transported by the Arab dhows to Somalia was slaves from other parts of East Africa. During the nineteenth century, the East African slave trade grew enormously due to demands by Arabs, Portuguese, and French. Slave traders and raiders moved throughout eastern and central Africa to meet the rising demand for enslaved men, women, and children.
Somalia did not supply slaves -- as part of the Islamic world Somalis were at least nominally protected by the religious tenet that free Muslims cannot be enslaved -- but Arab dhows loaded with human cargo continually visited Somali ports. Slaves were often bartered for objects of various kinds: In the Maghreb, slaves were swapped for horses. In the desert cities, lengths of cloth, pottery, Venetian glass slave beads , dyestuffs and jewels were used as payment. The trade in black slaves was part of a diverse commercial network.
Alongside gold coins, cowrie shells from the Indian Ocean or the Atlantic Canaries , Luanda were used as money throughout sub-saharan Africa merchandise was paid for with sacks of cowries. Enslaved Africans were sold in the towns of the Arab World. In , al-Maqrizi told how pilgrims coming from Takrur near the Senegal River had brought 1, slaves with them to Mecca.
Sales were held in public places or in souks. Potential buyers made a careful examination of the "merchandise": In Cairo, transactions involving eunuchs and concubines happened in private houses. Prices varied according to the slave's quality. Thomas Smee, the commander of the British research ship Ternate , visited such a market in Zanzibar in and gave a detailed description:.
The slaves, set off to the best advantage by having their skins cleaned and burnished with cocoa-nut oil, their faces painted with red and white stripes and the hands, noses, ears and feet ornamented with a profusion of bracelets of gold and silver and jewels, are ranged in a line, commencing with the youngest, and increasing to the rear according to their size and age.
At the head of this file, which is composed of all sexes and ages from 6 to 60, walks the person who owns them; behind and at each side, two or three of his domestic slaves, armed with swords and spears, serve as guard. Thus ordered the procession begins, and passes through the market-place and the principle streets The intending purchaser having ascertained there is no defect in the faculties of speech, hearing, etc. From such scenes one turns away with pity and indignation. The history of the slave trade has given rise to numerous debates amongst historians.
For one thing, specialists are undecided on the number of Africans taken from their homes; this is difficult to resolve because of a lack of reliable statistics: Archival material for the transatlantic trade in the 16th to 18th centuries may seem useful as a source, yet these record books were often falsified. Historians have to use imprecise narrative documents to make estimates which must be treated with caution: Luiz Felipe de Alencastro states that there were 8 million slaves taken from Africa between the 8th and 19th centuries along the Oriental and the Trans-Saharan routes.
There has also been a considerable genetic impact on Arabs throughout the Arab world from pre-modern African and European slaves. These are given in chronological order. Scholars and geographers from the Arab world had been travelling to Africa since the time of Muhammad in the 7th century. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. By country or region. History of slavery in the Muslim world and Barbary slave trade. History of slavery in the Muslim world , Muslim conquests , and Islamic views on slavery.
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. May Learn how and when to remove this template message. Trans-Saharan trade route and Swahili coast. Africa portal Arab world portal Islam portal. Eastern Kenya and Its Invaders. East African Literature Bureau.
Retrieved 15 May Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: Archived from the original on 25 July How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Retrieved 29 May Oriental influences in Swahili: Archived from the original on 25 May A History of Africa 4 ed. A History of World Civilizations. Africa in the Iron Age: Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion, Volume 2.
Complexities of the Zanj Conflict — Ad — slave revolt in Iraq". The Early Abbasid Era".