CODE Magazine - 2007 Sep/Oct (Ad-Free!)

The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies

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I remember I was very interested in just how "All the Way Home" went from a soul ballad for Southside Johnny to its Devils arrangement, which is exactly the kind of question this book attempts to address — not that Bruce had a ton to say on the matter. My most recent was for his last RS cover story. I'm sure those interviews informed the book quite a bit.

What or who else stands out as particularly helpful as you put this thing together? Everyone in Bruce-land seems to have unearthly stamina — that's how you survive concerts and studio sessions that never end. There were so many memorable interviews, and I'm so grateful to everyone who talked. There were tons of other essential resources, of course, from Brucebase to newspaper archives random example: We've got you covered! If you're still looking for the perfect gift for your favorite Springsteen fan, be sure to visit our online shop — and yes, there's still time!

Expedited orders placed by 2: Eastern will ship the same day. But everything else we offer is here on our warehouse shelves at Backstreets HQ and ready to ship. View our Latest Additions page to see what else is new. As always, we appreciate you getting your Boss fix through us! Melissa Ziobro, specialist professor in history at Monmouth, will curate the exhibit, with Springsteen Center administrator Eileen Chapman and Grammy Museum executive director and MU alum Robert Santelli acting as advisors.

Next year's exhibit, which will be the largest to date drawn from the Center, will be hosted by MCHA as part of the centennial of Freehold Borough as well as Bruce's 70th birthday. The current display, curated by students in the university's Fall Museums and Archives Management Basics class, is being hosted by MU's Guggenheim Memorial Library and is free and open to the public.

Local Nils Lofgren jumped in late in the evening to celebrate the finale, as Stevie brought his E Sreet Bandmate out for the first song of the encore, Nils's own "Moon Tears. Stevie told the crowd at the end of the night that they'll be back around next year — in the meantime, congratulations to Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul for a terrific Soulfire Teacher Solidarity Tour And even more love was in town last night, as Tom Morello was playing a club just a couple of blocks over, supporting his new The Atlas Underground Just great fun in Phoenix.

When I finally got a slot in the last Ticketmaster lottery, my old tour instincts kicked in — go for the last night. The last night of a multi-night Springsteen stand was always the best night to see. The band was looser. You had a better chance for rarities. And I am definitely the kind of Springsteen fan who lives for hearing rarities.

Then again, this wasn't the last night of a three-night stand at the Worcester Centrum or a five-night stand at the Brendan Byrne Arena. This was the last night of a fourteen-month stand, hundreds of performances at the Walter Kerr Theatre, a righteous Broadway house for righteous jewel-box productions. And from all I heard, Springsteen wasn't calling any audibles during this stand. The setlist, and the script, were legendarily set in stone. So, no, Springsteen didn't make any major changes in the setlist for the last night of Springsteen on Broadway.

His last performance at the Walter Kerr Theatre wasn't like the last night of a multinight rock stand, nor was it like the last night of a profit-turning run of a Broadway musical. It was the last performance of a one-man show. Bruce's statement on the closing of Springsteen on Broadway, posted December 15, Since the s at least, there has been a familiar rhythm to Springsteen's full-band concerts: The second quarter is where Springsteen has usually put the heavier stuff.

That was where most of the Nebraska songs went on the Born in the U. In Springsteen on Broadway , that familiar rhythm was wholly ignored. Springsteen led off with a variation on the Foreword to his autobiography, then gave us the trustworthy stemwinder,"Growin' Up. There were jokes to be sure, some of them wheezers, but the overall tone was intense.

I don't think I've ever seen Springsteen pause in performance before, to take a breath and just leave the silence to fill the air. Even when he went from high electric to acoustic in previous performances, it was all non-stop, each new color following the other, with no purely silent pauses to break the momentum. In Springsteen on Broadway , on this final night of the run, he paused. He would linger on a word. He even lingered on notes and phrases in his later duets with Patti Scialfa on "Tougher than the Rest" and "Brilliant Disguise," and I saw the concentration needed in those cases to stay in harmony.

December 15, - photograph by Sammy Steinlight. Previous reviews have established that almost all the blocking of Springsteen on Broadway was planned out to the last detail beforehand. Nevertheless, Springsteen's fidgetiness during the long monologues I haven't watched the Netflix special yet — I wanted to go into the show as cold as possible — but I am dying to know how precisely Springsteen's physical movements were planned in advance.

My most indelible memory of the entire show is Springsteen sitting on the piano bench the wrong way, fingers together, rocking up and down as he talked at length about what it was like to walk through Freehold as a child with his mom. Even after fourteen months of this show, Springsteen appeared fully in the moment as we watched him, as if the act of memory was happening spontaneously onstage.

The pauses and hesitations were all a part of that. Throughout that first half, he seemed frequently on the verge of slipping into reverie. Once again, that may have been acting, but if so, it was good acting. In this performance, Springsteen seemed as if he could get lost in memories if he let himself. After having read so many articles about the subject, I already understood some of the inherited mental health issues that Springsteen has overcome with the help of therapy and pharmacology.

In those moments onstage, however, I didn't just understand those issues. For the first time, I truly saw the potential dangers for this man of letting either silence or inaction get the better of him. In a way, Springsteen has been drafting this show for the last half-century, trying to use fragments of his life in his onstage performances since his signing with Columbia at the very latest. Inspired by FM DJs, the young Springsteen told stories between songs during his set, some true, some exaggerated, many mythic.

From his descriptions of living next door to Ducky Slattery's gas station in to the infernally reenacted kitchen sit-downs with Douglas that introduced "It's My Life" a few years later, down to tales of his visits to the draft office and one of his old family homes in Freehold, Springsteen's first 15 years of wide performance were dotted with autobiographical tidbits. In those early cases, the anecdotes were shorter and less unified. The only traces of all those older, bootleg-inscribed anecdotes in Springsteen on Broadway were a condensed version of the story of the night he met Clarence Clemons, and the tagline of the "Growin' Up" legend he told on the Darkness tour.

Tellingly, in both cases, he reduced the scale of the stories in this performance, stripping them of their more legendary or mythical qualities. In general, though, the stories in Springsteen on Broadway were longer than the ones Springsteen told onstage during the s and s.

Especially during that first arresting hour, Springsteen's songs were not the main event. The stories around them were. During that section of the show, the songs served as punctuation at the end of Springsteen's anecdotal sentences. He used songs in Springsteen on Broadway the way Hannah Gadsby used jokes in her one-woman show Nanette — to drive larger points home, and to turn dramaturgical corners. The audience, seemingly a mixture of true fans and occasional listeners, all seemed relieved in the second half of the show when Springsteen finally returned to some of his better-known hits.

The deep blues version of "Born in the U. After that, the crowd exhaled when he slid into "Tenth Avenue Freeze-out. The songs were more the point now than the stories, until "The Rising" finally arrived with no introduction or conclusion at all. This was where the more casual fans in the audience could finally get a version of the intimate Springsteen concert they might have come in expecting. This, too, had been planned, of course. The most audacious transition of the night was when Springsteen moved directly from "Dancing in the Dark" into "Land of Hope and Dreams.

It is a lesson of which he has spent most of this century trying to remind his audience. Earlier in the show, Springsteen had introduced "Thunder Road" by talking about his love of open spaces, even empty spaces, and that indeed was how he had ended his autobiography, by talking about taking out his bike on the last good day of riding weather. He ended Springsteen on Broadway differently, however, with the story he tells in the penultimate chapter of his autobiography: Back in the early s, could any original Springsteen fan have predicted that the climax of one of his performances would ever reside in a relatively devout recitation of the Our Father?

They probably would have considered that about as likely as Bob Dylan turning born-again Christian. In a lot of ways, though, this was perfectly in keeping with the last decade of Springsteen's career, which began with him singing "Tonight all the dead are here" as jubilantly as he could.

He might be half-Italian, but Springsteen's Irish fraction abided in the vital beginning and end of this show, with the crowd-pleasing part capped in the middle. At the end of the day, I don't think I just saw the last concert of a Springsteen tour. I think I just saw the last Broadway performance of a Springsteen play , a memory play like the ones that Tennessee Williams and Conor McPherson have written. Theoretically, it could be performed in future years by another performer, as an autobiographical musical like Jonathan Larson's tick…tick…boom originally a one-man show has been restaged over the last two decades with performers other than its author.

The point in this play is not the prowess of the performer. The point is the skill of the storyteller. Bruce Springsteen has told a story in it, one that he has been trying to tell for almost half a century. He has traced a full arc of his life, deeper than his scattered s anecdotes, fuller than the first draft of his autobiography that we got in the carefully sequenced live set, more sharply drawn the periodic summations he has offered to reporters from Rolling Stone , The New York Times , and The New Yorker over the years, and more powerful because more compressed than even the story that he finally told us in his autobiography.

And what is the arc that Springsteen has traced? A story of transformed desire, of a boy who wanted one set of things and a man who discovered that he needed another. Of a guarded individual who discovered that, while the superficial love of thousands can be the sweetest addiction, the deep love of just four people can be an entire world. Of a long-haired greaser who discovered that a nation at its best can be not just a death trap for its young, but a hope for every nation on earth.

Of a superstar who discovered that, when life is at its best, we don't just pull out of here to win individually. We ride toward hope and dreams together. Just beyond the hill, just along the river We're perched on the edge of the great abyss What you can't dismiss or anticipate Just wait, wait 'til you see what's next —Jason Robert Brown. After 14 months, performances with no understudy in sight, and a Special Tony Award, Bruce Springsteen leaves behind as he's noted from the stage the only five-days-a-week job he's ever held. With today's release of the Springsteen on Broadway soundtrack, this is by far the quickest Columbia Records has ever followed up a Springsteen live venture with a corresponding document.

And over the weekend, Thom Zimny's snout-to-tail Springsteen on Broadway film will have a similar global reach, bowing on Netflix December 16, where it will stream for the foreseeable future. Even if you couldn't experience your own Incident on 48th Street, frequent visitors to this site probably have a decent sense of Springsteen on Broadway, its nuts and bolts. Inspired by Springsteen's Born to Run memoir and further by a private, summational farewell show at the White House in the final days of the Obama administration , Springsteen on Broadway is less of a concert than a soliloquy with piano and guitar.

It's a theatrical performance befitting the Great White Way. It's an intimate night with one of music's most larger-than-life figures, a stadium performer inviting you into his living room. It's a showcase for the showman's multitude of talents, from storytelling to rocking and rolling, song arranging, and comedic styling.

It's an acoustic show. It's a dark ride. It's a revealing, autobiographical recontextualization of some of Springsteen's most well-known and well-loved songs, tracing a path from boyhood to manhood, or from innocence to experience, or from a narrow scope of vision to a broad one, or all of the above. It's the better part of a grand, depending on when and how you procured your tickets.

Or at least, it was. Continue reading "Bruce Springsteen Superstar". Souza's work has been collected in such recent books as the irreverent Shade: A Tale of Two Presidents and the more reverent Obama: You may know him from his vaunted Twitter and Instagram feeds. You may not have known that he's a major Springsteen fan. Or, if you've been reading Backstreets for long enough, you're probably aware of that, too.

Celebrating 40 Years of Darkness on the Edge of Town. Bob Zimmerman — a longtime Backstreets contributor specializing in photography, who has also interviewed Lynn Goldsmith, Frank Stefanko, and Eric Meola for us — sat down with Souza for an in-depth conversation. We'll be running the complete interview in the next issue of Backstreets magazine. That issue, 92, is something we've been foretelling for far too long In this excerpt, Pete and Bob talk about the Reagan era, when Michael Jackson wore one glove and Bruce Springsteen was pretty sure Nebraska wasn't the President's favorite album.

I think everyone knows of your work those eight years with Obama, but in doing research on your career, I was blown away by your photographs of Ronald Reagan. I may have known but probably forgot that you had served in the Reagan White House as a photographer for three years? So that was one of those flukey things where it was a Kansas connection, actually. Someone I knew who had been a former photo editor in Kansas City continued to follow my career and then became the photo editor at the White House.

And in , they had an opening to work under the Chief Photographer. She called me up and said, "You might want to apply for this job. I had only been there for a year and a half, things were going really well, and this kind of threw me for a loop. I mean, I wasn't a fan of Reagan. But I thought to myself, well, when am I ever going to have this chance to do this?

And you talk about photographers wanting to document history So that's how that job came about. And it's understandable that people may not know me from that. It was a long time ago, and I was kind of an unknown photographer. And there was no such thing as the Internet or Instagram or Twitter, so people wouldn't have necessarily been familiar with my photos as much as they are with the Obama photos, because that was just a different era.

Some of the interesting things you witnessed with Reagan — I'm sure you witnessed a lot of interesting things, but from a pop culture perspective, you took that really great photo of The Reagans and Michael Jackson. To go back to that time It was or ' And of course there was a lot of excitement that Michael Jackson was coming to the White House. He was being honored for this drunk driving awareness campaign that he was the spokesperson for, or something like that. And this is in the days when he was wearing the white glove and the sequined blue uniform. Of course the staff had been told not to bring their kids, and of course they all brought their kids.

So they were parading them in the Diplomatic Room, the Reception Room, to try to get a picture with Michael Jackson, and he ended up freaking out. And he went and hid in the men's room for like an hour. Because it was like, too much was happening. And so this picture you refer to was taken just before he and the Reagans walked out to the South Lawn for the formal event.

The President and Mrs Reagan were exchanging But Michael Jackson's like the bystander in the middle. And if you look at the two-dimensional photo, it looks like he's a part of the wallpaper. During your five years as a Reagan White House photographer, you were there in September when President Reagan, on a campaign stop in New Jersey, said, "America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside your hearts.

It rests in the message of hope in songs so many young Americans admire: New Jersey's own Bruce Springsteen.

And helping you make those dreams come true is what this job of mine is all about. I didn't make every trip with Reagan like I did with President Obama. So I was actually not on that trip. But I was absolutely mortified when I heard what Reagan had said. Clearly, Reagan didn't know what "Born in the U. Skip ahead to Obama giving the commencement address at Rutgers in Don't waste your time waiting.

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The next day I sent that highlight plus the entire speech to Barbara Carr, who was with Bruce overseas. I thought they should know and might not have heard about the speech. She messaged me back saying that they indeed didn't know, and by sheer coincidence Bruce had opened with "Badlands" the same night. During your time in the Reagan White House, what did you learn from the people you worked with that ultimately prepared you for your most recent stint in the White House? I mean, I learned a lot. Because I didn't have the same kind of access during Reagan — I wasn't the Chief Photographer then — I learned how you deal with people that powerful.

And the fact of the matter is, they're just people like anybody else. Because of that, and the life experiences I had between leaving the White House the first time and coming back 20 years later I knew him pretty well. Because I had been working for the Chicago Tribune and had gone on a couple trips with him, and so we had already established this professional relationship. He sort of knew about me. He knew how I worked. So I felt very confident going in that I could do this job as good as, if not better than, anybody had in the past.

I set my goals really high. I wanted to create the best photographic archive that had ever been done on a President. And I thought the circumstances were exactly right. I knew this guy, he understood the value of what I was doing, plus I knew how the White House worked. And I knew how powerful people sometimes reacted to things, and I knew how to deal with that in a way that no one would thwart my access. So it was just like all the stars aligned.

Thanks to Pete's fandom and generosity, we have another 25 copies of the signed, Deluxe Edition of Obama: An Intimate Portrait to offer Backstreet Records customers — each with an additional 8x10" bonus print, also signed by Pete just for us, of Springsteen and Obama meeting at the White House, seen above. A Backstreets exclusive, all at the book's original retail price. Aisles and aisles of dreams await you One of the frustrating things about this crazy ol' modern world is that, despite the major label release of the soundtrack, you might be hard-pressed to find a physical copy, considering the fate of so many record stores.

They just arrived here at HQ, just in time, and they look beautiful — first look, at right! Thanks, All American Pewter! And thanks to Sony, Live Nation, and the Springsteen organization for giving us something special to go along with this new release. A pin will also ship with each pre-ordered copy of the Springsteen on Broadway 4LP vinyl , now scheduled for January Earlier this year, TBS announced that Conan would be swithcing to a half-hour format, with the last hour-long episode airing in October.

When the show returns in January , not only will it be a half-hour shorter, it will be leaving the musical element of the show behind. But all is not lost. LaBamba's Hubcaps aren't falling off, and the Luvman woud never be so callous as to just leave, right? In fact, many of these players are getting back together for a holiday show, just ten days away.

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LaBamba tells Backstreets, "Twenty-five years was a hell of a run Click here for details on the auction, each of its available items, and how to place your bids. While some of that ticket demand may have been due to visions of a special guest appearance or two, no one seemed particularly disappointed when the evening's lineup did not deviate from what had been announced. Convention Hall was gaily decked out for the city's annual holiday bazaar, the Paramount Stage was lit by Christmas tree and menorah lights, and many in the crowd were themselves decked out in holiday attire. In short, the proverbial stage had been set for a festive evening, and the odd musicians participating in "A Very Asbury Holiday Show" did not disappoint.

Local hero Bobby Bandiera - photograph by A. Saddler The event was presented by the Asbury Park Music Foundation , benefiting that organization along with several other local charities. Perusing the program, one might legitimately wonder if it was perhaps too much of a good thing, but with former Stone Pony DJ Lee Mrowicki emceeing the proceedings, the show was in good hands. Lance Larson, left, with Remember Jones and one hell of a holiday suit - photograph by A. The massive house band, led by musical director Tony Perruso, was laid out in standard big band format, boasting a lineup that included ex-Jukes, current Kings of Suburbia Jon Bon Jovi's backing band for his solo gigs , and an assortment of local guitarists, keyboardists and guest vocalists.

The horn section was anchored the legendary Joey Stann, while the rhythm section — which was augmented by an extra drum kit — benefited from the talents of Graham Maby Marshall Crenshaw, Elvis Costello on bass, Rich Scannella on drums, and Joe Belia on percussion. Local cover band favorites like Mike Dalton, JoBonanno, Brian Kirk, and Pat Roddy expertly brought the audience to its feet several times throughout the night, and unusual guest artists like Anthony Krizan of the Spin Doctors whose rendition of "Stand By My Woman," co-written with Lenny Kravitz, was a highlight of the evening along with vocal powerhouses Remember Jones, J.

There were so many fine performances, in fact, that it was almost too much. The duration of the event, along with a surprising lack of holiday material, made the "Very Asbury" show both a bit disappointing and slightly overwhelming as the show zoomed past the four-hour mark, folks definitely began to sidle toward the exits. However, with Bruce Springsteen's legendary and standard-setting holiday shows of the early s but a memory and Bandiera's series of holiday Hope shows in their final year, a new Jersey Shore holiday tradition is certainly most welcome. Happily, since organizers stated several times that it was only the first of what they promised would be annual events, there will be plenty of opportunity to fine-tune the somewhat sprawling event.

Bowen fronting the house band - photograph by A. Among the many highlights: See you next year! Table tent and fully autographed copy of Born to Run, both obtained by Cliff Breining at the Roxy shows. One of the earliest hardcore fans and collectors, Cliff flew in from the East Coast expressly to see the Roxy shows. He caught them all, except the industry-only set on Oct A post shared by Backstreets Magazine backstreetsmag on Dec 9, at It was widely believed that the entire set was professionally recorded, but there was no proof of that… until today.

The Born to Run tour began on July 20, , and would run for shows through May of Because the band had been in the studio much longer than anyone anticipated the tour kicked off literally the day after the band completed mixing Born to Run , tour rehearsals took place in a marathon hour session before they left for the first date in Providence, RI.

They still had to teach the new guy — none other than Miami Steve Van Zandt — all the songs. The band had only a few weeks to get into fighting trim before the main event: So it's not surprising that Springsteen would lean heavily on the tried-and-true road favorites for as long as possible, waiting until those Bottom Line shows to kick the set off with, hey, a song from the actual album we're touring for.

Bruce would continue to toy with the setlist as the band worked their way across the country, playing both existing strongholds Detroit, Texas as well as new markets Wisconsin, Iowa. Springsteen had tried out "Thunder Road" as an opener at the Bottom Line but didn't venture to try it again until Los Angeles. The show we're hearing, presented in the live archive series as The Roxy , is the first from night three and the fourth overall. It might be your imagination, but this set sounds just a tad looser, and you can just about feel what it's like to see Bruce Springsteen in a person club.

Then there are all the small 'era hallmarks we know and love: Miami Steve's guitar flourishes — the chicken scratch guitar at the start of "Tenth Avenue Freeze-out" will never get old — and in the era when "All Must Sing" to quote the Village Voice ad that recruited Max and Roy , the full-throated choruses on "She's the One" and "Kitty's Back" are just delightful. There are easily dozens of these small observations throughout the show, and every fan will have their favorites or an element they care about the most.

But the impact of this show isn't going to be song-by-song; as always, it's the performance as a whole, the experience and emotions created and sustained. It's obvious that this particular selection had significance to Springsteen, as "Goin' Back" appeared in each set at the Roxy. While Springsteen mentions both King and the Byrds in his introduction, his delivery is closer to Springfield's: Same with "When You Walk in the Room": Bruce never trivialized any of the pop songs he covered in his career, and he delivers this Searchers classic with the enthusiasm of a cover band in a crowded bar on a Saturday night.

The segue from "When You Walk in the Room" into "She's the One" might not make sense at first, but a few bars into the intro, the harmonica riffing on "Not Fade Away" underscored by warm, harmonic chords before that organ riff ripples in — you get it. They are directly connected: It's a very rhythmic, guitar-driven "She's the One," and even if you never saw Clarence Clemons in a white suit standing stage right, shaking the maracas, this version of "She's the One" will make you feel like you have, and you will want a cigarette by the time they're done.

A big change for more recent fans, and for those who aren't avid collectors, is having "Born to Run" in the middle of the set, at the apex of the narrative arc. There's palpable excitement from the crowd when the intro is played — It's the new song! It's the big hit! The band is excited to play it as well: Not many bands with a 3 album on the Billboard charts are going to stack a minute free-jazz exploration in the back half of their set.

There's a good few minutes between the end of "Backstreets" and "Kitty's Back" that is either for tuning or equipment problems — we hear a Chuck Berry riff, we hear the audience yelling requests — but then two notes later, and YOW. We're back to the Jersey Shore beach rat telling tall tales about Catlong and Kitty. Seventeen minutes does not guarantee that a song will be epic.

Seventeen minutes could be a lot of pointless messing around, especially in But this is particularly… insane. Garry Tallent anchors everything together with a minimal, elegant refrain, Max alongside in a straight beat. There's specific applause at the end of Danny's run and a slight break before the Professor takes his turn, pulling his melody more directly from the body of the tune, with a brisker pace.

Max and Garry shift seamlessly to support him, and Roy ratchets up the pace a few measures before Clarence comes in briefly, and then we cut to the guitar solo. Did I mention that this was 17 minutes long? Here she comes , Bruce yells, and the audience claps along. The audience eventually takes over as the tension builds, and then: There's some righteous guitar, Roy gets a piano solo, Clarence is on the baritone sax, Bruce breaks things down on the bridge and turns the joint into a dance party on the Chuck Berry number before bringing the whole thing home, drums crashing, audience cheering.

You can see the smiles and the sweat and feel the heat. I'm gonna learn to dance if it takes me all night and day. Two weeks later, Bruce would be on the covers of both Time and Newsweek , and playing seat clubs would be in the rear-view mirror.

So if you're still in need of some Boss holiday gifts from Backstreet Records , next Monday is the "Standard Shipping" deadline. We can't guarantee arrival times outside of the U. If you wind up ordering later and need something prior to Christmas, you can always select "Expedited Shipping" to have it in one or two days within the U.

Plus, order by that date and you get you one of our brand new keychains, too! We're currently taking orders for the Springsteen on Broadway CD due next week, plus officially licensed T-shirts from Springsteen on Broadway and more , and official Springsteen calendars for from Thrill Hill.

We're often asked around this time of year if we have anything special, a bigger-ticket item for an important gift — sometimes for a loved one, sometimes for a Bruce-loving boss. This year we'll point you to something extremely cool and extremely rare: This limited edition print comes in a package with a hardcover retrospective of Gahr's Springsteen photography, signed by editor Chris Murray.

Thanks for supporting Backstreets and shopping with us! A statement from Bruce Springsteen Take photographer George Lange, who began shooting Springsteen concerts more 40 years ago, starting with Boston Music Hall in Especially if you're excited and in the moment. It's typically the facepalmy kind of thing that soon goes in the trash, and that's that. There was magic in the night. A couple of frames from this double-exposed roll were previously shared in Lawrence Kirsch's Light in Darkness book, but the other images from that roll were never printed or even looked at until this fall.

And when I made some large prints, I was really taken back. There is such poetry in these images that I never saw before we made these new prints. Lange has selected seven of these double exposure images to offer as signed art prints on archival rag paper, in two sizes, either 13 x 9 or the large 17 x 22 he references above. One of the arguments for not making code available is the extra time required to prepare the material. In this paper, we claim that this additional time may be well spent, as the availability of code for a publication is associated with an increase in the expected number of citations.

We show this with exploratory analyses of the relationship between code availability and the number of citations for image processing papers. Note on open access citation impact on results p4: As can be seen in the open access citation studies such as the one by Lawrence , papers for which an online version is freely available have an increased number of citations. I did not take this into account in my analyses by adding the open access availability as another variable.

Articles that have code available generally also have an online version of the article. The citation effect seen above is therefore the combined effect of the open access availability of the paper and the availability of code. From a methodological point of view, the debate focuses on biases, control groups, sampling, and the degree to which conclusions from case studies can be generalized.

This note does not give a complete overview of studies that were published during the past decade but highlights key events. An extended version of this paper will be published Comment on this paper: Will Wishful Thinking Ever Cease? No study based on sampling and statistical significance-testing has the force of an unassailable mathematical proof.

But how many studies showing that OA articles are downloaded and cited more have to be published before the ad hoc critiques many funded and promoted by an industry not altogether disinterested in the outcome! Various contributions to a mail list thread following Stevan Harnad's post in response to Henk Moed's article. Using social media to explore scholarly impact arXiv.

In growing numbers, scholars are integrating social media tools like blogs, Twitter, and Mendeley into their professional communications. The online, public nature of these tools exposes and reifies scholarly processes once hidden and ephemeral. Metrics based on this activities could inform broader, faster measures of impact, complementing traditional citation metrics. This study explores the properties of these social media-based metrics or "altmetrics", sampling 24, articles published by the Public Library of Science.

We analyze the online response of the scientific community to the preprint publication of scholarly articles. We employ a cohort of 4, scientific articles submitted to the preprint database arXiv. We study three forms of reactions to these preprints: We perform two analyses. First, we analyze the delay and time span of article downloads and Twitter mentions following submission, to understand the temporal configuration of these reactions and whether significant differences exist between them. Second, we run correlation tests to investigate the relationship between Twitter mentions and both article downloads and article citations.

We find that Twitter mentions follow rapidly after article submission and that they are correlated with later article downloads and later article citations, indicating that social media may be an important factor in determining the scientific impact of an article. By using a dataset from the Social Science Research Network SSRN , an open repository of research articles, and employing a natural experiment that allows the estimation of the value of free access separate from confounding factors such as early viewership and quality differential, this study identifies the causal effect of free access on the citation counts.

The natural experiment in this study is that a select group of published articles is posted on SSRN at a time chosen by their authors' affiliated organizations or SSRN, not by their authors. Using a difference-in-difference method and comparing the citation profiles of the articles before and after the posting time on SSRN against a group of control articles with similar characteristics, I estimated the effect of the SSRN posting on citation counts. This gain is likely to be caused by the free access that SSRN provides. This paper uses Genome Expression Omnibus GEO , a data repository in biomedical sciences, to examine the usage patterns of open data repositories.

It attempts to identify the degree of recognition of data reuse value and understand how e-science has impacted a large-scale scholarship. By analyzing a list of 1, publications that cite GEO data to support their independent studies, it discovers that free data can support a wealth of high quality investigations, that the rate of open data use keeps growing over the years, and that scholars in different countries show different rates of complying with data sharing policies. This research examines the relationship between the open access availability of journal papers in anthropology and their citation conditions.

The results reveal that open access papers in general receive more citations. Moreover this research finds that 1 papers in high-ranked journals do not have a higher open access rate, and 2 papers in lower-ranked journals have a greater rate of citations if they are freely accessible. The findings are contrary to the existing theory that the higher citation rate of open access papers is caused by authors posting their best papers online.

Sharing Student Research with the World Journal of Public Affairs Education , 18 1 , , Note, this link will download the pdf of the full Winter journal issue - go to page We study the impact of content factors and search engine optimization factors on download rates of capstone papers. We examined all MPA capstone papers at Texas State University which have been made available through an online digital repository for public consumption.

Results show strong support for the impact of search engine factors on download rates. The implications of high download rates of MPA capstone papers on public administration research, practice, and education are discussed in this paper. A total of tweets cited distinct JMIR articles.

Tweets can predict highly cited articles within the first 3 days of article publication. Social media activity either increases citations or reflects the underlying qualities of the article that also predict citations, but the true use of these metrics is to measure the distinct concept of social impact. Social impact measures based on tweets are proposed to complement traditional citation metrics. The proposed twimpact factor may be a useful and timely metric to measure uptake of research findings and to filter research findings resonating with the public in real time.

See also Gunther Eysenbach, Correction: Can Tweets Predict Citations? Twitter is one of the fastest tools to discover newly published scholarly papers, and the number of tweets is an important measure of scholarly impact. Not surprisingly the paper has been tweeted more than times in the first few days after publication, and will certainly become highly cited.

I have deeper reservations about this paper. I'm leery of editors who view their journal as a publication outlet for their own work In my mind, there is nothing wrong and nothing unusual about editors talking about their work as an editor in their own journal. The bottom line of the paper is that at least in the context of JMIR, tweets are useful metrics, predictive for citations, and they are potentially also useful for other journals. That's what the paper says, not more and not less. I was very careful not to generalize this to other journals. Added 23 April Claire Bower , Twimpact factors: Want to peer a year or two into the future of a scientific field?

Biomedical informatics is a young, highly interdisciplinary field that is evolving quickly. It is important to know which published topics in generalist biomedical informatics journals elicit the most interest from the scientific community, and whether this interest changes over time, so that journals can better serve their readers. It is also important to understand whether free access to biomedical informatics articles impacts their citation rates in a significant way, so authors can make informed decisions about unlock fees, and journal owners and publishers understand the implications of open access.

To better understand the effects of free access in article dissemination, the number of citations per month after publication for articles published in versus was compared, since there was a significant change in free access to JAMIA articles between those years. Results suggest that there is a positive association between free access and citation rate for JAMIA articles.

Added 12 February ; updated 4 March Sears, J. The validation of scientific results requires reproducible methods and data. Often, however, data sets supporting research articles are not openly accessible and interlinked. This analysis tests whether open sharing and linking of supporting data through the PANGAEA data library measurably increases the citation rate of articles published between and in the journal Paleoceanography as reported in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science database.

This relationship between openly available, curated data and increased citation rate may incentivize researchers to share their data. Added 25 November Henneken, E. Is there a difference in citation rates between articles that were published with links to data and articles that were not? In this presentation we will show this is indeed the case: Added 25 November Xia, J. This paper measures the OA availabilities and citations of scholarly articles from 20 top-ranked LIS journals published in Added 25 November Henneberger, S.

Download data are the subject of scientific investigations, in which the concept of the Citation Impact is applied to the rate of use of a publication and the so-called Download Impact is formed. Analyzed with nonparametric methods, download data give information about the visibility of electronic publications on the Internet. The analytical method NoRA was successfully applied to data from Institutional Repositories of four universities. In each case, groups of publications were identified that differed significantly in their usage.

Similarities in the results reveal factors that influence the usage data, which have not been taken into account previously. The presented results imply further applications of NoRA but also raise doubts about the value of download data of single publications. Added 25 November Tarrant, D. Each new citation establishes a large number of co-citation relationships between that publication and older material whose citation impact is already well established.

This thesis proposes a new family of co-citation based impact measures, describes a system to evaluate their effectiveness against a large citation database, and justifies the results of this evaluation against an analysis of a diverse range of research metrics. Added 25 November Yuan, S. The study selected 97 LIS OA journals as a sample and measured their scholarly impact on the basis of citations and links. The results indicate that LIS OA journals have become a significant component of the scholarly communication system.

Added 25 November Priem, J. An exploratory study of impact metrics based on social media Poster at Metrics The goal of this study is to better understand the potential of altmetrics. Added 25 November Wang, M. To determine whether a difference in research impact existed, two research impact indicators were used, that is, open access articles as a percentage of all published titles and mean citation rate of open access articles and those not freely available online.

The study shows that for 72 LIS scholars who were subjects of the investigation, 64 of them had published articles within the previous ten years: The mean citation rate of OA versus non-OA article citation was 1. The first batches of results web pages from keyword searching were selected as evaluation samples in the two search phases, the first 50 and 10 results were chosen, respectively , and a total of 3, samples were evaluated for authority based on the evaluation framework. The results show that the average authority value for free online scholarly information is about 3.

Different domain names, resource types, and disciplines of free online scholarly information perform differently when scored in terms of authority. In conclusion, the authority of free online scholarly information has been unsatisfactory, and needs to be improved. Added 25 November Davis, P. In Learned Publishing , Vol. Prior research has suggested that providing free and discounted access to the scientific literature to researchers in low-income countries increases article production and citation. Using traditional bibliometric indicators for institutions in sub-Saharan Africa, we analyze whether institutional access to TEEAL a digital collection of journal articles in agriculture and allied subjects increases: We report that access to TEEAL does not appear to result in higher article production, although it does lead to longer reference lists an additional 2.

We discuss how traditional bibliometric indicators may not provide a full picture of the effectiveness of free and discounted literature programs. This paper assesses the impact of a specific institution, a biological resource center, whose objective is to certify and disseminate knowledge. We disentangle the marginal impact of this institution on cumulative research from the impact of selection, in which the most important discoveries are endogenously linked to research-enhancing institutions. Exploiting exogenous shifts of biomaterials across institutional settings and employing a difference-in-differences approach, we find that effective institutions amplify the cumulative impact of individual scientific discoveries.

Our empirical analysis focuses on whether articles associated with materials exogenously shifted into a BRC receive a boost in citations after their deposit into the BRC, controlling for article-specific fixed effects and fixed effects for article age and calendar year. Both approaches provide evidence for the marginal impact of BRCs on subsequent knowledge; the post-deposit citation boost is estimated to be between 57 percent and percent across different specifications.

Empirical checks of our key identification assumptions reinforce our overall findings. We find that the marginal impact of BRC deposit is marginally higher for articles published in less prestigious journals and that the citation boost is concentrated in follow-on research articles involving more complex subject matter.

Paper extract from copy at: News articles on this paper: This paper presents the results of an empirical case study of the characteristics of citations received by 10 open access non-peer reviewed working papers published by a prestigious multidisciplinary, but basically social science research institute, compared to 10 printed peer reviewed journal articles published in the same year by the same institute and predominantly by the same authors.

The study analyzes the total amount of citations and citation impact observed in Web of Science WoS and Google Scholar GS received during the five-year period February by the two publication types, the citation distributions over the individual sample publications and observed years as well as over external, institutional and personal self-citations. The results demonstrate that the open access working papers publicly accessible through the DIIS e-archive became far less cited than the corresponding sample of DIIS journal articles published in printed form.

However, highly cited working papers have higher impact than the average of the lower half of cited articles. Citation time series show identical distinct patterns for the articles in WoS and GS and working papers in GS, more than doubling the amount of citations received through the latter source. See also Open access working papers not good enough , ScienceNordic. This study is a comparison of AUPress with three other traditional non-open access Canadian university presses.

The analysis is based on the rankings that are correlated with book sales on Amazon. Statistical methods include the sampling of the sales ranking of randomly selected books from each press. The results of one-way ANOVA analyses show that there is no significant difference in the ranking of printed books sold by AUPress in comparison with traditional university presses. However, AUPress, can demonstrate a significantly larger readership for its books as evidenced by the number of downloads of the open electronic versions.

Added 18 August Davis, P. The paper reviews recent studies that evaluate the impact of free access open access on the behavior of scientists as authors, readers, and citers in developed and developing nations. It also examines the extent to which the biomedical literature is used by the general public. Researchers report that their access to the scientific literature is generally good and improving. For authors, the access status of a journal is not an important consideration when deciding where to publish.

There is clear evidence that free access increases the number of article downloads, although its impact on article citations is not clear. Recent studies indicate that large citation advantages are simply artifacts of the failure to adequately control for confounding variables. The effect of free access on the general public's use of the primary medical literature has not been thoroughly evaluated. The research articles from the developed countries receive higher number of citations subsequently resultant research impact compared to those of the developing world.

The study may help and pave way for framing policies and strategies to increase the impact of research in the developing world. Added 06 July Yan, K. In this work, we focus on a community of scientists and study, in particular, how the awareness of a scientific paper is spread. We found that the spread of information displays two distinct decay regimes: We identified these two regimes with two distinct driving processes: Added 06 July Xia, J.

This research is an attempt to add selected OA journals to the journal quality rankings using library and information science LIS as an example. A new approach to scientific visibility from the standpoint of access Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology , published online: This study shows a new approach to scientific visibility from a systematic combination of four databases: The results primarily relate to the number of journals, not to the number of documents published in these journals, and show that in all the disciplinary groups, the presence of green road journals widely surpasses the percentage of gold road publications.

The Miguel et al article contains informative and useful between-journal data on Green and Gold OA, across fields and geographic areas. The authors collected the numbers of citations and downloads from to of papers in five Chinese general ophthalmological journals published in from the Chinese Academic Journals Full-text Database and the Chinese Citation Database in Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure CNKI to determine the correlation between download and citation and the peak time of download frequency DF.

The citations from to of papers published in were collected to determine the peak time of citation frequency CF of medical papers. Added 04 April Davis, P. Does free access to journal articles result in greater diffusion of scientific knowledge? Using a randomized controlled trial of open access publishing, involving 36 participating journals in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, we report on the effects of free access on article downloads and citations.

These results may be explained by social stratification, a process that concentrates scientific authors at a small number of elite research universities with excellent access to the scientific literature. The real beneficiaries of open access publishing may not be the research community but communities of practice that consume, but rarely contribute to, the corpus of literature. See also this author's earlier dissertation. Nature news blog, 01 Apr In comments appended to this article Davis says: Zoe focuses on the weaknesses of the study and not its strengths" Wieder, B.

Davis says he doesn't see his study as a blow to open access - if anything, he thinks it calls into question the wisdom of looking only at citation counts to measure the impact of a journal article, particularly given the ease of tracking article downloads online. Open access, readership, citations: Your article does not answer this overly-broad question.

Why do you pose it here? I see the world as a more complicated and nuanced place than through the lens of advocacy. Still no self-selected self-archiving control, hence no basis for the conclusions drawn to the effect that the widely reported OA citation advantage is merely an artifact of a self-selection bias toward self-archiving the better, hence more citeable articles -- a bias that the randomization eliminates. The methodological flaw, still uncorrected, has been pointed out before.

Readers can be trusted to draw their own conclusions as to whether this study, tirelessly touted as the only methodologically sound one to date, is that -- or an exercise in advocacy. The headline-level synopsis of this and other studies attempting to discern the impacts of open access research obscure a multitude of methodological concerns. They also downplay significant differences found when breaking the data down by field, country, or other factors. The greatest growth potential for open access today is through open access self-archiving mandates adopted by the universal providers of research: Universities adopt open access mandates in order to maximize their research impact.

The large body of evidence, in field after field, that open access increases citation impact, helps motivate universities to mandate open access self-archiving of their research output, to make it accessible to all its potential users -- rather than just those whose universities can afford subscription access -- so that all can apply, build upon and cite it. These inferences are not welcomed because they are based on flawed methodology and insufficient statistical power and yet they are being widely touted particularly by the publishing industry lobby as being the sole methodologically sound test of the open access citation advantage!

Ignore the many positive studies. They are all methodologically flawed. The definitive finding, from the sole methodologically sound study, is negative. So there's no access problem, researchers have all the access they need -- and hence there's no need to mandate open access self-archiving. No, this string of inferences is not a "blow to open access" -- but it would be if it were taken seriously. Scholarly Kitchen, Apr 5, The Scholarly Kitchen's own Phil Davis consider this your conflict-of-interest statement attempts to do away with selection bias by looking at a randomized set of papers.

The access status of the articles in the study OA or under subscription-access control was determined at random, not by author or editorial choice. The randomization is important here, as it allows Davis to compare equal groups of articles and control for other sources of bias.

If the goal of the OA movement is to create a scientific literature with a broader reach, then it is succeeding admirably. In Law Library Journal , 4 , Fall , http: Also in UKnowledge, University of Kentucky, http: To date, there have been no studies focusing exclusively on the impact of open access on legal scholarship.

Did they really compare OA articles with non-OA articles under similar conditions? Or did they in fact find a citation advantage for articles that are available in any fashion online versus those that are not? In the law journal study, unequal comparison groups makes it unclear whether the authors are measuring access or something else entirely. The study also falls prey to potential issues of selection bias. This study takes 12, original research articles which were published in 93 Oxford Open journals in as a sample, and carries out statistic analyses on the citation frequency that these articles have received by July to validate 3 hypotheses: This study discovers that: Added 15 February McCabe, M.

Does online access boost citations? We examine other sources of heterogeneity including whether JSTOR benefits "long-tail" or "superstar" articles more. See also Kolowich, S. The fact that there are many of these poor studies in the literature, or that their claims have achieved consensus among certain like-minded individuals, does not make for good science, nor does it help to inform good science policy.

Having read it, their findings don't appear to talk specifically about open access, while the conclusion of your summary does. Can you point me to where open access is treated independently from online access, or as a distinct subset of it, in their analysis? Their manuscript needs to be read in context of two prior papers by James Evans, who reported significant online and open access effects using a similar methodology. Extending their conclusion to citation pattern differences between expensive, restricted online access and free, unrestricted access open is a big leap More on Open Access citations , liblicense, 10 February This has nothing whatsoever to do with Open Access.

OA is about providing access to those who don't have subscription access; this paper is about providing online access to those who had subscription access before, but on paper, and now have online access. Moreover, it is in a field economics where there is wide posting of OA preprints not taken into account at all. So, using the same technique in both cases should produce similar results. The following response to comments by McCabe above can be found appended to the same article or in this separate source: Unfortunately this is not very convincing.

Flaws there may well be in the methodology of studies comparing citation counts before and after the year in which a journal goes online. But these are not the flaws of studies comparing citation counts of articles that are and are not made OA within the same journal and year.

If "selection bias" refers to authors' bias toward selectively making their better hence more citeable articles OA, then this was controlled for in the comparison of self-selected vs. But the most compelling findings on the OA citation advantage come from OA author self-archiving of articles published in non-OA journals , not from OA journal publishing. Those are the studies that show the OA citation advantage, and the advantage does not cost the author a penny!

Added 04 April Saadat, R. Findings showed that out of journals, journals Added 15 February Lee, K. Despite the positive impact of emerging communication technologies on scientific research, our results provide striking evidence for the role of physical proximity as a predictor of the impact of collaborations. There have been numerous articles that reported Open Access publications have higher chance to be cited more. It may be that publications in Open Access journals have higher citation, which may not necessarily be related to collaboration and collocation.

However, its impact on our results is uncertain as there are also growing number of articles that are reporting no evidence of Open Access advantage in different disciplines. Can the geographical proximity of authors affect the number of citations for their papers? Moed, commenting on the paper by Lee et al. Added 15 February Xia, J. This research examines the relationship between multiple open access OA availability of journal articles and the citation advantage by collecting data of OA copies and citation numbers in 20 top library and information science journals.

We discover a correlation between the two variables; namely, multiple OA availability of an article has a positive impact on its citation count. The statistical analysis reveals that for every increase in the availability of OA articles, citation numbers increase by 2. Added 6 December Davis.

In order to isolate the effect of access on readership and citations, we conducted a randomized controlled trial of open access publishing on articles published electronically in 11 APS journals. This report details the findings three years after the commencement of the experiment. The results of this experiment suggest that providing free access to the scientific literature may increase readership as measured by article downloads and reach a larger potential audience as measured by unique visitors , but have no effect on article citations. These results are consistent with an earlier report of the APS study after one year and the results of other scientific journals after two years.

The fact that we observe an increase in readership and visitors for Open Access articles but no citation advantage suggests that scientific authors are adequately served by the current APS model of information dissemination, and second, that the additional readership is taking place outside this core research community.

Open access publishing, article downloads and citations at 3years , from 23 November Use the Next in Topic link to follow the debate. Critics of our open access publishing experiment read: Stevan Harnad have expressed skepticism that we were too eager to report our findings and should have waited between 2 and 3 years. All of the articles in our study have now aged 3-years and we report that our initial findings were robust: By focusing on the fact that I do not have the statistical power to detect very small differences is really an admission that an OA citation advantage -- if one truly exists -- can be largely explained by other theories e.

That's why all of our studies have been based on samples that have been orders of magnitude bigger than for example yours. But let's not confuse effect-size and the sample-size needed to detect a statistically significant effect; that's not a question about effect size but about variability. The size of the OA citation advantage does indeed vary considerably from field to field, year to year, and sample to sample. Overall, across all fields of scientific and scholarly research produced by universities and funded by funders, that adds up to a sizeable benefit to research, researchers, their institutions, their funders, and the public that funds the funders and for whose benefit the research is being done, and funded -- a benefit that is worth having, by mandating OA.

That implication is very clear -- and it certainly is not the implication you cite in your December summary in the APS house journal, The Physiologist: But the interpretation is a mighty stretch, if not an exercise in APS spin. In my view, Phil has convincingly shown that, at least for the journals and the time intervals he studied, there is no meaningful OA citation advantage but also see later post by Waltman that an OA citation advantage of reasonable size is unlikely to exist in the underlying population. It would take a null meta-analysis, not just one null outcome, to be able to show that.

Otherwise any repeatedly observed effect could be dismissed on the basis of one non-replication! We too did a test of the self-selection hypothesis -- on a much larger sample across more fields and a longer time interval -- and we not only found "an OA citation advantage of reasonable size" for self-selected OA, but we found that the advantage was the same size for mandated OA. We accordingly conclude that "an OA citation advantage of reasonable size is likely to exist in the underlying population" if you test for it, and your sample is big enough and long enough -- except perhaps in Phil's sample of mostly APS journals While I can't claim negative results across all fields and across all times, our randomized controlled trials RCTs did involve 36 journals produced by 7 different publishers in the medical, biological, and multi-disciplinary sciences, plus the social sciences and humanities.

Yet, if you are basing your comparison solely on number of journals and number of articles, then you are completely missing the rationale for conducting the RCTs in the first place Harnad, S. That's the studies that are simply testing whether there is an OA citation advantage. But the comparison you are talking about is the comparison between self-selected and imposed OA.

Your study has shown that in your sample consisting of OA imposed by randomization , there is no OA citation advantage only an OA download advantage. But it has not shown that there is any OA self-selection advantage either. Without that, there is only the non-replication of the OA citation advantage. This paper maps the intellectual structure of open access based on articles that appeared in professional literature on the topic between and Using bibliometric and co-citation analyses, co-citation patterns of papers are visualized through a number of co-citation maps.

CiteSpace was used to analyze and visualize co-citation maps. Maps show major areas of research, prominent articles, major knowledge producers and journals in the field of open access. The preliminary findings show that open access is an emerging research field. Findings of this study can be used to identify landmark papers along with their impact in terms of providing different perspectives and engendering new research areas.

This dissertation explores the relationship of Open Access publishing with subsequent readership and citations. It reports the findings of a randomized controlled trial involving 36 academic journals produced by seven publishers in the sciences, social sciences and humanities. At the time of this writing, all articles have aged at least two years. Articles receiving the Open Access treatment received significantly more readership as measured by article downloads and reached a broader audience as measured by unique visitors , yet were cited no more frequently, nor earlier, than subscription-access control articles.

A pronounced increase in article downloads with no commensurate increase in citations to Open Access treatment articles may be explained through social stratification, a process which concentrates scientific authors at elite, resource-rich institutions with excellent access to the scientific literature.

For this community, access is essentially a non-issue. Added 17 Feb , updated 18 Oct Gargouri, Y. CY], 3 Jan Abstract Background.

Background

The OA Advantage proved just as high for both. Logistic regression analysis showed that the advantage is independent of other correlates of citations article age; journal impact factor; number of co-authors, references or pages; field; article type; or country and highest for the most highly cited articles.

The OA Advantage is real, independent and causal, but skewed. The OA advantage is greater for the more citable articles, not because of a quality bias from authors self-selecting what to make OA, but because of a quality advantage, from users self-selecting what to use and cite, freed by OA from the constraints of selective accessibility to subscribers only. It is hoped that these findings will help motivate the adoption of OA self-archiving mandates by universities, research institutions and research funders. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 19 Oct And succeeds - see reader responses attached to the article, some extracts below.

One can only speculate on the reasons why some might still wish to cling to the self-selection bias hypothesis in the face of all the evidence to date. The straightforward causal relationship is the default hypothesis, based on both plausibility and the cumulative weight of the evidence. Hence the burden of providing counter-evidence to refute it is now on the advocates of the alternative.

The authors were unable to control for institutional effects in their model. Most importantly, there is no basis for making a causal claim. I agree with Philip David: What user behavior change accounts for the OA advantage? The OA Advantage is not just, or primarily, a convenience or laziness effect though some of that no doubt contributes to it too: It is not that scholars have become sloppy, relying on google scholar instead of consulting more established databases.

It is that when their institution cannot afford access to articles they need, they must make do with only those of them that they can access for free online. Patrick Chardenet, October 22, It is rather a question of knowing if the measurement of science by the measurement of the number of citations has an interest for the scientific development. In a nutshell, citations are not the goal of research; the goal is that the research should be read, used and built upon, in further research and applications.

And citations are a measure of that. But for research to be read, used and built upon, it has to be accessible. That is why and how OA increases citations. Citation rates of self-selected vs. Yes, they did a very detailed analysis of the citation behavior, and take into account important cofactors. But the reader is left with the impression that mandatory self-archiving of post-prints in institutional repositories is the only reasonable Open Access strategy, and the introduction and discussion accordingly leave out some important arguments.

If better articles tend to be self-archived, their reasoning goes, we should expect that papers deposited under institutional-wide mandates would under-perform those where the authors select which articles to archive. In sum, this paper tests an interesting testable hypothesis on whether mandatory self-archiving policies are beneficial to their authors in terms of citations.

Their unorthodox methodology, however, results in some inconsistent and counter-intuitive results that are not properly addressed in their narrative. Yes, the fact that the citation advantage of mandated OA was slightly greater than that of self-selected OA is surprising, and if it proves reliable, it is interesting and worthy of interpretation.

This is particularly worrisome when comparing papers originating from CERN which arguably does cutting edge physics to the control papers. The key issue in this paper seems to be interpreting the mandated open access versus self-selected open access. However, they have little to say on what is going on here and why papers end up in the compliant group or not. I am not sure what conclusions can be inferred from this comparison of two types of self-selection, at least one of which is not well understood.

But CERN is indeed a special case; when it is removed, however, it does not alter the pattern of our results. Neither former research nor the current regression design permits any casual claims. We agree that causality is difficult to demonstrate with correlational statistics. However, we note that the hypothesis that 2a making articles open access causes them to be more citeable and the hypothesis that 2b being more citeable causes articles to be made open access are both causal hypotheses. We then compute differences between open and closed journals. The results reveal that the open access journals are not perceived by distance eductation editors as significantly more or less prestigious than their closed counterparts.

The number of citations per journal and per article also indicates little difference. However we note a trend towards more citations per article in open access journals. Articles in open access journals are cited earlier than in non-open access journals.

Added 6 September Kim, J. A few interviewees did believe that self-archiving resulted in their research work being cited more frequently, although 13 interviewees were unsure about the positive relationship between self-archiving and the citation rate. Professors even considered self-archiving to serve other purposes, for example, to recruit graduate students, or to find collaborators, instead of increasing the impact of research.

In fact, five interviewees expressed uncertainty regarding whether self-archiving would improve professional recognition. Four other interviewees did not expect self-archiving to increase academic recognition, as they believed this related more to the quality of research itself, rather than merely making it publicly accessible. These findings suggested that the majority of faculty participants in this study were unaware of the evidence of a citation advantage from OA previously identified by several studies.

Without noticing the evidence, professors tend not to expect a citation advantage from self-archiving; however, they see benefits from the user side through self-archiving. This study shows that faculty have diverse opinions about citation rates and academic recognition related to self-archiving.

Added 6 September Strotmann, A. Using an author co-citation analysis method, we find that a OA and non-OA publications cover similar major research areas in the stem cell field, but b a more diverse range of basic and medical research is reported in OA publications, while c biomedical technology areas appear biased towards non-OA publications.

We explore whether there are substantial differences between the intellectual structure of a research field when viewed from either the point of view of the OA publications in that field or from that of its non-OA publications. Added 6 September Jacques, T. We hypothesized that specific features of journal titles may be related to citation rates. We reviewed the title characteristics of the 25 most cited articles and the 25 least cited articles published in in general and specialist medical journals including the Lancet, BMJ and Journal of Clinical Pathology.

The title length and construction were correlated to the number of times the papers have been cited to May Results The number of citations was positively correlated with the length of the title, the presence of a colon in the title and the presence of an acronym. Factors that predicted poor citation included reference to a specific country in the title. Conclusions These data suggest that the construction of an article title has a significant impact on frequently the paper is cited. We hypothesize that this may be related to the way electronic searches of the literature are undertaken.

Added 9 June Herb, U. Assuming that the motivation to use open access publishing services e. Prevailing research results indicate that alternative metrics based on usage information of electronic documents are suitable to complement or to relativize citation based indicators. Added 9 June Giglia, E. Open Access journals are relatively new actors in the publishing market, and gaining reputation and visibility is a complex challenge. Some of them show impressive Impact Factor trends since their first year of tracking.

Added 17 May Calver, M. We compared the number of citations of OA and non-OA papers in six journals and four books published since to test whether OA increases number of citations overall and increases citations made by authors in developing countries. After controlling for type of paper e.

Journal papers were cited more frequently if the authors had published highly cited papers previously, were members of large teams of authors, or published relatively long papers, but papers were not cited more frequently if they were published in an OA source.

Books by Deborah Kurata

Nevertheless, author-archived OA book chapters accrued up to eight times more citations than chapters in the same book that were not available through OA, perhaps because there is no online abstracting service for book chapters. There was also little evidence that journal papers or book chapters published in OA received more citations from authors in developing countries relative to those journal papers or book chapters not published in OA.

For scholarly publications in conservation biology, only book chapters had an OA citation advantage, and OA did not increase the number of citations papers or chapters received from authors in developing countries. Conservation Maven blog, Apr 26, Given that conservation is a highly applied science, a main goal of research is to inform conservation practice. It seems likely that open access publishing would be more important for conservation practitioners than researchers given that many research institutions have paid journal access for their staff and students.

Another limitation of the study is that it looked at published research from as far back as the year However, the social landscape for disseminating information has changed dramatically over the last 5 - 10 years. Despite these limitations this study represents an important contribution to the debate about improving public accessibility to peer-reviewed research. The goal of this paper is to examine the extent to which social science research data are shared and assess whether data sharing affects research productivity tied to the research data themselves.

We construct a database from administrative records containing information about thousands of social science studies that have been conducted over the last 40 years. Included in the database are descriptions of social science data collections funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. A survey of the principal investigators of a subset of these social science awards was also conducted. We report that very few social science data collections are preserved and disseminated by an archive or institutional repository.

Informal sharing of data in the social sciences is much more common. The main analysis examines publication metrics that can be tied to the research data collected with NSF and NIH funding - total publications, primary publications including PI , and secondary publications non-research team. Multivariate models of count of publications suggest that data sharing, especially sharing data through an archive, leads to many more times the publications than not sharing data. This finding is robust even when the models are adjusted for PI characteristics, grant award features, and institutional characteristics.

Added 6 September Habibzadeh, F. Cross-sectional Study of 22 Scientific Journals Croatian Medical Journal , 51 2 , April Open access is not the only factor affecting citation impact. Here is another factor that has received rather less attention. Longer titles seem to be associated with higher citation rates.

This association is more pronounced for journals with high impact factors. Editors who insist on brief and concise titles should perhaps update the guidelines for authors of their journals and have more flexibility regarding the length of the title. Added 17 May Wagner, A. It is interesting to note that no study has ever claimed that OA articles were cited less than TA articles. The research question still being debated is whether other factors explain the widely observed OACA Open Access Citation Advantage rather than the mere fact an article is open access.

Added 09 Mar Snijder, R. During a period of nine months three sets of books were disseminated through an institutional repository, the Google Book Search program or both channels. A fourth set was used as control group. Open Access publishing enhances discovery and online consultation. No relation could be found between OA publishing and citation rates. Contrary to expectations, OA publishing does not stimulate or diminish sales figure. The Google Book Search program is superior compared to the repository.

Added 09 Mar Swan, A. There is a brief introduction to the main issues involved in carrying out such studies, both methodological and interpretive. The study listing provides some details of the coverage, methodological approach and main conclusions of each study. Swan's summary is quite useful for those looking for a distillation of the research literature. What is troubling with this document, however, is the narrative, and it is here that Swan creates a historical revision of the open access debate.

In her report, Swan provides a score sheet for the open access game: This is not the case with the empirical literature on open access and citations. Conducting a meta-analysis on this disparate collection of studies is like taking a Veg-O-Matic to a seven-course dinner. Not only does it homogenize the context and limitations of each study into a brown and unseemly mess, but it assumes that homogenization of disparate studies somehow results in a clearer picture of scientific truth.

Responses to this blog: I am rather surprised that you feel entitled to challenge the development of my own expectations. Surely I am allowed to write about them as a matter of fact, since I had them? They can read all of the studies and reach their own conclusions, including about which ones have been carried out in the best way. People often ask me how the studies tally up, so tally them up I did. Coming to a personal opinion on an issue is not the same as demonstrating, scientifically, the probable truth of a hypothesis.

Jim, Mar 11, If the question at hand concerns experimental intervention, then random assignment to groups may well be inferior as a matching technique to even an ex post facto matching of groups. Claims about the superiority of certain methods are empirical claims. They are not a priori dicta about what evidence can and can not be looked at. It won't resolve the issue of whether the studies that Davis thinks are flawed are in fact flawed. It could explore the consistency in effect across these studies and whether the effect varies by the method used.

Both would add to the debate on this issue. This work aims to frame the international debate on the advantage citation of articles published in Open Access, then present and discuss the overall data sull'Impact Factor of open access journals, the result of an original study conducted in the Journal Citation Reports Thomson Reuters.

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