La Case Kreol - Mauritius: Das Kochbuch (German Edition)

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In recent years, information and communication technology, seafood, hospitality and property development, healthcare, renewable energy, and education and training have emerged as important sectors, attracting substantial investment from both local and foreign investors. Mauritius has no exploitable natural resources and therefore depends on imported petroleum products to meet most of its energy requirements. Local and renewable energy sources are biomass, hydro, solar and wind energy.

Mauritius is ranked high in terms of economic competitiveness, a friendly investment climate, good governance and a free economy. Mauritius has an upper middle income economy , according to the World Bank in Mauritius has built its success on a free market economy. According to the Index of Economic Freedom , Mauritius is ranked as having the 8th most free economy in the world, and the highest score in investment freedom.

Mauritius is a major tourist destination, ranking 3rd in the region and 56th globally. Since public bus transport in Mauritius is free of charge for students, people with disabilities and senior citizens. The harbour of Port Louis handles international trade as well as a cruise terminal. The sole international airport for civil aviation is Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport , which also serves as the home operating base for the national airline Air Mauritius ; the airport authority inaugurated a new passenger terminal in September Mauritius has a serious traffic problem due to the high amount of road users and car drivers.

To solve the traffic congestion issue, the government has embarked on the Metro Express project. The rail starts from Port Louis up to Curepipe. The first phase of the project will end in while the second phase will end in Financial services is one of the growing sectors of the economy. Mauritius has an outsize offshore sector which it built on a low tax regime and extensive treaty network.

Mauritius accounted for 42 per cent of India's foreign direct investment between and ICT is the fourth pillar of the economy. ICT has contributed to 5.

Gabrielle Wiehe is a prominent illustrator and graphic designer. The distinctive architecture of Mauritius reflects the island nation's history as a colonial trade base connecting Europe with the East. Styles and forms introduced by Dutch, French, and British settlers from the seventeenth century onward, mixed with influences from India and East Africa, resulted in a unique hybrid architecture of international historic, social, and artistic significance.

Mauritian structures present a variety of designs, materials, and decorative elements that are unique to the country and inform the historical context of the Indian Ocean and European colonialism. Decades of political, social, and economic change have resulted in the routine destruction of Mauritian architectural heritage. Between and , the historic homes of the island's high grounds, known locally as campagnes, disappeared at alarming rates.

More recent years have witnessed the demolition of plantations, residences, and civic buildings as they have been cleared or drastically renovated for new developments to serve an expanding tourism industry. The capital city of Port Louis remained relatively unchanged until the mids, yet now reflects the irreversible damage that has been inflicted on its built heritage.

Rising land values are pitted against the cultural value of historic structures in Mauritius, while the prohibitive costs of maintenance and the steady decline in traditional building skills make it harder to invest in preservation. The general populace historically lived in what are termed creole houses.

The island plays host to the Le Prince Maurice Prize. In keeping with the island's literary culture the prize alternates on a yearly basis between English-speaking and French-speaking writers.

The major musical genres of Mauritius are Sega and its fusion genre , Seggae ; Bhojpuri songs and Western classical music , opera and drama. The cuisine of Mauritius is a combination of Creole, French, Chinese and Indian, with many dishes unique to the island. Spices are also a big part of Mauritian cuisine. The public holidays of Mauritius involve the blending of several cultures from Mauritius's history. There are Hindu festivals , Chinese festivals , Muslim festivals , as well as Christian festivals. There are 15 annual public holidays in Mauritius. Seven of these are fixed holidays: The remaining public holidays are religious festivals with dates that vary from year to year.

The most popular sport in Mauritius is football [] and the national team is known as The Dodos or Club M. Other popular sports in Mauritius include cycling, table tennis, horse racing, badminton, volleyball, basketball, handball, boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, weightlifting, bodybuilding and athletics. Water sports include swimming, sailing, scuba diving, windsurfing and kitesurfing. Horseracing , which dates from when the Champ de Mars Racecourse was inaugurated, remains popular.

The country hosted the second and fifth editions of the Indian Ocean Island Games. Mauritius won its first Olympic medal at the Summer Olympics in Beijing when boxer Bruno Julie won the bronze medal. With the gradual desiccation of the Sahara, they headed south, many of the Berber tribes claimed Yemeni origins. There is little evidence to such claims, but a DNA study of Yemeni people suggested there might be some ancient connection between the peoples.

Other peoples also migrated south past the Sahara to West Africa, in , Moorish Islamic warrior monks attacked and conquered the large area of the ancient Ghana Empire. Over the next years, Arabs overcame fierce resistance from the population to dominate Mauritania. The invaders were led by the Beni Hassan tribe, the descendants of the Beni Hassan warriors became the upper stratum of Moorish society. Hassaniya, a Berber-influenced Arabic dialect that derives its name from the Beni Hassan, berbers retained a niche influence by producing the majority of the regions marabouts, those who preserve and teach Islamic tradition.

Imperial France gradually absorbed the territories of present-day Mauritania from the Senegal River area and upwards, in , Xavier Coppolani took charge of the imperial mission. Through a combination of strategic alliances with Zawiya tribes, and military pressure on the Hassane warrior nomads, he managed to extend French rule over the Mauritanian emirates. Trarza, Brakna and Tagant quickly submitted to treaties with the colonial power, Adrar was finally defeated militarily in , and incorporated into the territory of Mauritania, which had been drawn up and planned in Mauritania was part of French West Africa from , French rule brought legal prohibitions against slavery and an end to inter-clan warfare.

After gaining independence, larger numbers of indigenous Sub-Saharan African peoples entered Mauritania, educated in French language and customs, many of these recent arrivals became clerks, soldiers, and administrators in the new state. Port Louis is the economic, cultural, political centre.

It is administered by the Municipal City Council of Port Louis, according to the census conducted by Statistics Mauritius, the population was , Since Port Louis was relatively well-protected from strong winds during cyclones by the Moka Mountain Range, value of the port continued during the British occupation of the island during the Napoleonic Wars, and helped Britain control the Indian Ocean. However, port calls of ships fell drastically following the opening of the Suez Canal in , activity in the port increased during the seven-year closure of the Suez Canal. Modernization of the port in the late s has helped it maintain its role as the point for all imports and exports from Mauritius.

The remaining months forms Port Louis dry season, the city also shows a noticeable range of average temperatures. Port Louis is home to the biggest port facility in the Indian Ocean region, Port Louis is home to the nations main harbor, and is the only official port of entry and exit for sea vessels in Mauritius. Ships must cleared in the port before visiting any other anchorage in the island nation, the Mauritius Ports Authority, established by law in , is the port authority responsible for Port Louis. The harbor adjoins the city, with the port currently comprising three terminals.

Terminal I contains a total of meters of quay, with six berthing positions for cargo, passengers, Terminal II contains meters of quays with six berthing positions, and includes specialized facilities for handling and storing sugar, fish, tallow, and caustic soda. In particular, the Bulk Sugar Terminal can handle vessels with up to 11 meters of draft, can load sugar at a rate of tones per hours, and can store , tons of cargo. Also present in Terminal II is a dedicated meter cruise ship jetty, Terminal III has two meter quays with a depth of 14 meters, and is specialized for handling container ships, having five post-Panamax gantry cranes.

Also present are storage facilities for bulk ethanol and tie-in points for reefer containers, vessels too large to dock at the quays can anchor at the Outer Anchorage, which is still within the official boundaries of the port. Ethnic group — An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences. Unlike other social groups, ethnicity is often an inherited status based on the society in which one lives, in some cases, it can be adopted if a person moves into another society.

Ethnic groups, derived from the historical founder population, often continue to speak related languages. By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, it is possible for individuals or groups to leave one ethnic group. Ethnicity is often used synonymously with terms such as nation or people. In English, it can also have the connotation of something exotic, generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, the largest ethnic groups in modern times comprise hundreds of millions of individuals, while the smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals.

Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan-ethnicity, whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis. In Early Modern English and until the midth century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan, as the Septuagint used ta ethne to translate the Hebrew goyim the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews. The Greek term in antiquity could refer to any large group, a host of men.

In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of peculiar to a race, people or nation, the abstract ethnicity had been used for paganism in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an ethnic character. The term ethnic group was first recorded in and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in , depending on the context that is used, the term nationality may either be used synonymously with ethnicity, or synonymously with citizenship.

The process that results in the emergence of an ethnicity is called ethnogenesis, the Greeks at this time did not describe foreign nations but had also developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus gave an account of what defined Greek ethnic identity in his day, enumerating shared descent.

Whether ethnicity qualifies as a universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf and they regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups.

According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently, one is between primordialism and instrumentalism. In the primordialist view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as a given, even coercive. Mauritius — Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2, kilometres off the southeast coast of the African continent. Mauritius was a British colonial possession from to , the year of its independence, the government uses English as the main language.

The sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between Mauritius and the United Kingdom, the UK excised the archipelago from Mauritian territory in , three years prior to Mauritian independence. The UK gradually depopulated the archipelagos indigenous population and leased its biggest island, Diego Garcia, access to the archipelago is prohibited to casual tourists, the media, and its former inhabitants.

Mauritius also claims sovereignty over Tromelin Island from France, the people of Mauritius are multiethnic, multi-religious, multicultural and multilingual. The islands government is modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system. Along with the other Mascarene Islands, Mauritius is known for its flora and fauna. The island is known as the only known home of the dodo. Mauritius is the country in Africa where Hinduism is the largest religion. From this, it appears that Mauritius was first named Dina Arobi around by Arab sailors, in Portuguese sailors visited the uninhabited island.

The island appears with a Portuguese name Cirne on early Portuguese maps, another Portuguese sailor, Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, gave the name Mascarenes to the Archipelago. The island of Mauritius was uninhabited before its first recorded visit during the Middle Ages by Arab sailors, in Portuguese sailors came to the uninhabited island and established a visiting base. Hinduism — Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. This Hindu synthesis started to develop between BCE and CE following the Vedic period, although Hinduism contains a broad range of philosophies, it is linked by shared concepts, recognisable rituals, cosmology, shared textual resources, and pilgrimage to sacred sites.

Hindu texts are classified into Shruti and Smriti and these texts discuss theology, philosophy, mythology, Vedic yajna, Yoga, agamic rituals, and temple building, among other topics. Hindu practices include such as puja and recitations, meditation, family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals. Some Hindus leave their world and material possessions, then engage in lifelong Sannyasa to achieve Moksha. The term Hindu in these ancient records is a geographical term, the Arabic term al-Hind referred to the people who live across the River Indus.

By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as an alternative name of India. It was only towards the end of the 18th century that European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus. The term Hinduism, then spelled Hindooism, was introduced into the English language in the 18th-century to denote the religious, philosophical, because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term Hinduism, arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult. The religion defies our desire to define and categorize it, Hinduism has been variously defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and a way of life.

From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism like other faiths is appropriately referred to as a religion, in India the term dharma is preferred, which is broader than the western term religion. Hindu traditionalists prefer to call it Sanatana Dharma, the study of India and its cultures and religions, and the definition of Hinduism, has been shaped by the interests of colonialism and by Western notions of religion. Since the s, those influences and its outcomes have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism, Hinduism as it is commonly known can be subdivided into a number of major currents.

Christianity — Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization.

Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds.

They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds.

The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period.

The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament.

The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin. Islam — Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God.

It is the worlds second-largest religion and the major religion in the world, with over 1. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and He has guided mankind through revealed scriptures, natural signs, and a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the word of God. Muslims believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses.

As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered, certain religious rites and customs are observed by the Muslims in their family and social life, while social responsibilities to parents, relatives, and neighbors have also been defined. Besides, the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca, it spread in the Arabian Peninsula. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders, most Muslims are of one of two denominations, Sunni or Shia.

Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world, Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the verb form.

The word sometimes has connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as a state, Whomsoever God desires to guide. This term has fallen out of use and is said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims religion. Buddhism — Buddhism is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism originated in India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, from where it spread through much of Asia, two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars, Theravada and Mahayana.

In Theravada the ultimate goal is the attainment of the state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path, thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering. Theravada has a following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, rather than Nirvana, Mahayana instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path, a state wherein one remains in the cycle of rebirth to help other beings reach awakening.

Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas, may be viewed as a branch or merely a part of Mahayana. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India, is practiced in regions surrounding the Himalayas, Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body. Buddhism is an Indian religion attributed to the teachings of Buddha, the details of Buddhas life are mentioned in many early Buddhist texts but are inconsistent, his social background and life details are difficult to prove, the precise dates uncertain.

Some hagiographic legends state that his father was a king named Suddhodana, his mother queen Maya, and he was born in Lumbini gardens. Some of the stories about Buddha, his life, his teachings, Buddha was moved by the innate suffering of humanity.

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He meditated on this alone for a period of time, in various ways including asceticism, on the nature of suffering. He reached enlightenment, discovering what Buddhists call the Middle Way, as an enlightened being, he attracted followers and founded a Sangha. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his teaching the Dharma he had discovered. Dukkha is a concept of Buddhism and part of its Four Noble Truths doctrine. It can be translated as incapable of satisfying, the unsatisfactory nature, the Four Truths express the basic orientation of Buddhism, we crave and cling to impermanent states and things, which is dukkha, incapable of satisfying and painful.

The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of , square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively.

The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts and These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index.

It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world.

The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since However, on 23 June , a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. Left- and right-hand traffic — This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road.

Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the worlds area, in the early s some countries including Canada, Spain, and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country. Nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory, most exceptions are due to historical considerations and involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country. For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations provide for passing on the right, light rail vehicles generally operate on the same side as other road traffic in the country.

However, France, Belgium, and Switzerland have used RHT for automobiles since their introduction, there is no technical reason to prefer one side over the other. Ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman troops kept to the left when marching, in , archaeologists found a well-preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon.

The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in , northcote Parkinson, believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left, since most people were right handed.

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If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight, each would edge toward the left, in the year , Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left. In the late s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no seat, so a postilion sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons, in France, traditionally foot traffic had kept right, while carriage traffic kept left.

Vernacular — Some linguists use vernacular and nonstandard dialect as synonyms. The use of vernacular is not recent, here vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words vernaculus, varro, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term vocabula vernacula, termes de la langue nationale or vocabulary of the national language as opposed to foreign words.

In general linguistics, a vernacular is contrasted with a lingua franca, for instance, in Western Europe until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in Latin, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in Romance languages are said to be in the vernacular, the Divina Commedia, the Cantar de Mio Cid, and The Song of Roland are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively.

In Europe, Latin was used instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until c. Certain groups, notably Traditionalist Catholics, continue to practice Latin Mass, in India, the 12th century Bhakti movement led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular. In science, a user of the vernacular was Galileo. Latin continues to be used in fields of science, notably binomial nomenclature in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular. In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the s, certain languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely used examples being Arabic and Chinese, see Varieties of Arabic and Chinese language.

In the s, due to the May Fourth Movement, Classical Chinese was replaced by written vernacular Chinese, the vernacular is also often contrasted with a liturgical language, a specialized use of a former lingua franca. Similarly, in Hindu culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in Sanskrit or in Tamil in Tamil country. With the rise of the movement from the 12th century onwards, religious works were created in the other languages, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu. These circumstances are a contrast between a vernacular and language variant used by the same speakers, according to one school of linguistic thought, all such variants are examples of a linguistic phenomenon termed diglossia.

In it, the language is bifurcated, i. The one most frequently used is the low variant, equivalent to the vernacular, the concept was introduced to linguistics by Charles A. Ferguson, but Ferguson explicitly excluded variants as divergent as dialects or different languages or as similar as styles or registers.

Independence — Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory. The opposite of independence is a dependent territory, Independence does not necessarily mean freedom. Whether the attainment of independence is different from revolution has long been contested, nation-states have been granted independence without any revolutionary acts. The Russian October Revolution, for example, was not intended to seek national independence, however, the American Revolutionary War was intended to achieve independence from the beginning.

Causes for a country or province wishing to seek independence are many, the means can extend from peaceful demonstrations, like in the case of the Indian independence movement, to a violent civil war. Autonomy refers to a kind of independence which has been granted by an authority that itself still retains ultimate authority over that territory. A protectorate refers to a region that depends upon a larger government for its protection as an autonomous region. Declaring independence and attaining it however, are quite different, a well-known successful example is the U.

Declaration of Independence issued in , the dates of established independence, are typically celebrated as a national holiday known as an independence day. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the African island nation in the Indian Ocean. For the country on the African Continent, see Mauritania. For other uses, see Mauritius disambiguation. Island nation in the Indian Ocean. The mother tongue of Mauritians Census. Isle de France Mauritius. Geography of Mauritius and Outer islands of Mauritius.

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Volume 24 Issue 1 Jan , pp. Volume 23 Issue 1 Jan , pp. Volume 22 Issue 4 Jan , pp. According to one estimate Mauritians spend an average of more than hours per year engaging in religious activities. The Mauritian constitution makes no mention of an official language. The Constitution only mentions that the official language of the National Assembly is English; however, any member can also address the chair in French. The Mauritian population is multilingual ; while Mauritian Creole is the mother tongue of most Mauritians, most people are also fluent in English and French; they tend to switch languages according to the situation.

The media and literature are primarily in French. The Creole language, which is French-based with some additional influences, is spoken by the majority of the population as a native language. Bhojpuri which was widely spoken as mother tongue, has been decreasing over the years. The medium of instruction varies from school to school but is usually Creole, French and English. The education system in Mauritius consists of pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. The education structure consists of two to three years of pre-primary school, six years of primary schooling leading to the Primary School Achievement Certificate, five years of secondary education leading to the School Certificate, and two years of higher secondary ending with the Higher School Certificate.

Secondary schools have "college" as part of their title. The government of Mauritius provides free education to its citizens from pre-primary to tertiary level. The Tertiary Education sector includes universities and other technical institutions in Mauritius.

The country's two main public universities are the University of Mauritius and the University of Technology. The adult literacy rate was estimated at Since independence from Britain in , Mauritius has developed from a low-income, agriculture-based economy to a middle-income diversified economy, based on tourism , textiles, sugar, and financial services. The economic history of Mauritius since independence has been called "the Mauritian Miracle" and the "success of Africa" Romer, ; Frankel, ; Stiglitz, In recent years, information and communication technology, seafood, hospitality and property development, healthcare, renewable energy, and education and training have emerged as important sectors, attracting substantial investment from both local and foreign investors.

Mauritius has no exploitable natural resources and therefore depends on imported petroleum products to meet most of its energy requirements. Local and renewable energy sources are biomass, hydro, solar and wind energy. Mauritius is ranked high in terms of economic competitiveness, a friendly investment climate, good governance and a free economy.

Mauritius has an upper middle income economy , according to the World Bank in Mauritius has built its success on a free market economy. According to the Index of Economic Freedom , Mauritius is ranked as having the 8th most free economy in the world, and the highest score in investment freedom. Mauritius is a major tourist destination, ranking 3rd in the region and 56th globally. Since public bus transport in Mauritius is free of charge for students, people with disabilities and senior citizens.

The harbour of Port Louis handles international trade as well as a cruise terminal. The sole international airport for civil aviation is Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport , which also serves as the home operating base for the national airline Air Mauritius ; the airport authority inaugurated a new passenger terminal in September Mauritius has a serious traffic problem due to the high amount of road users and car drivers. To solve the traffic congestion issue, the government has embarked on the Metro Express project. The rail starts from Port Louis up to Curepipe.

The first phase of the project will end in while the second phase will end in Financial services is one of the growing sectors of the economy. Mauritius has an outsize offshore sector which it built on a low tax regime and extensive treaty network. Mauritius accounted for 42 per cent of India's foreign direct investment between and ICT is the fourth pillar of the economy. ICT has contributed to 5. Gabrielle Wiehe is a prominent illustrator and graphic designer. The distinctive architecture of Mauritius reflects the island nation's history as a colonial trade base connecting Europe with the East.

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Styles and forms introduced by Dutch, French, and British settlers from the seventeenth century onward, mixed with influences from India and East Africa, resulted in a unique hybrid architecture of international historic, social, and artistic significance. Mauritian structures present a variety of designs, materials, and decorative elements that are unique to the country and inform the historical context of the Indian Ocean and European colonialism. Decades of political, social, and economic change have resulted in the routine destruction of Mauritian architectural heritage.

Between and , the historic homes of the island's high grounds, known locally as campagnes, disappeared at alarming rates. More recent years have witnessed the demolition of plantations, residences, and civic buildings as they have been cleared or drastically renovated for new developments to serve an expanding tourism industry.

The capital city of Port Louis remained relatively unchanged until the mids, yet now reflects the irreversible damage that has been inflicted on its built heritage. Rising land values are pitted against the cultural value of historic structures in Mauritius, while the prohibitive costs of maintenance and the steady decline in traditional building skills make it harder to invest in preservation. The general populace historically lived in what are termed creole houses. The island plays host to the Le Prince Maurice Prize. In keeping with the island's literary culture the prize alternates on a yearly basis between English-speaking and French-speaking writers.

The major musical genres of Mauritius are Sega and its fusion genre , Seggae ; Bhojpuri songs and Western classical music , opera and drama. The cuisine of Mauritius is a combination of Creole, French, Chinese and Indian, with many dishes unique to the island. Spices are also a big part of Mauritian cuisine. The public holidays of Mauritius involve the blending of several cultures from Mauritius's history.

There are Hindu festivals , Chinese festivals , Muslim festivals , as well as Christian festivals. There are 15 annual public holidays in Mauritius. Seven of these are fixed holidays: The remaining public holidays are religious festivals with dates that vary from year to year. The most popular sport in Mauritius is football [] and the national team is known as The Dodos or Club M. Other popular sports in Mauritius include cycling, table tennis, horse racing, badminton, volleyball, basketball, handball, boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, weightlifting, bodybuilding and athletics.

Water sports include swimming, sailing, scuba diving, windsurfing and kitesurfing. Horseracing , which dates from when the Champ de Mars Racecourse was inaugurated, remains popular. The country hosted the second and fifth editions of the Indian Ocean Island Games. Mauritius won its first Olympic medal at the Summer Olympics in Beijing when boxer Bruno Julie won the bronze medal. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about the African island nation in the Indian Ocean. For the country on the African Continent, see Mauritania. For other uses, see Mauritius disambiguation. Island nation in the Indian Ocean. The mother tongue of Mauritians Census. Isle de France Mauritius. Foreign relations of Mauritius. Economy of Mauritius and International rankings of Mauritius. Music of Mauritius and Sega genre.

Mauritius portal Islands portal. Archived from the original on 10 May Government Portal of Mauritius. Retrieved 11 November Retrieved 10 September Government Portal of Mauritius: Retrieved 28 January Retrieved 6 September United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 September International Court of Justice. Permanent Court of Arbitration. The medieval Waqwaq islands and the Mascarenes. Retrieved 22 January The "Uba" Riots of ". Retrieved 9 September The road to independence — ". Retrieved 27 November Cassimally 17—23 March Retrieved 22 March Battersby 28 December The New York Times.

Retrieved 29 December Mauritius, Seychelles , Economist Intelligence Unit , , p. PM Anerood Jugnauth to hand over to son". Retrieved 23 January Submissions to the Commission: Joint submission by the Republic of Mauritius and the Republic of Seychelles".

The African Book Publishing Record

Retrieved 4 January French government backs off amidst backlash in Parliament". Archived from the original PDF on 2 May Archived from the original on 27 April Retrieved 21 January Retrieved 29 August Archived from the original on 10 October Archived from the original on 20 October Retrieved 24 October Retrieved 7 April Retrieved 16 February Mauritius — Scoop News".

Retrieved 18 January Retrieved 20 October Archived from the original PDF on 16 November Retrieved 10 February Rafic Soormally 10 September Archived from the original on 21 January Statistics Mauritius, Government Portal of Mauritius. Retrieved 31 July National Assembly , Government Portal of Mauritius. Retrieved 7 November Retrieved 21 April Retrieved 16 April Retrieved 8 August Archived from the original on 4 June Archived from the original on 18 March Retrieved 8 June Retrieved 23 August Archived from the original PDF on 21 January Retrieved 24 February Retrieved 22 August Two Mauritian students among the finalists".

Le Defi Media Group in French. SSH can still use RC4? Not for much longer, promise".

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