BURYING ZIMMERMAN (The River Trilogy, book 2)

Le Mort dans la ville

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Tribal finery in which they were interred was recovered intact. One of the skeletons bore ivory beads an. He was found reposed below the tomb in which the remains of 64 children were found. During the expedition to the interior of Catalina Island, Professor Glidden collected the skeletons of 3, ancient inhabitants.

While excavating beneath a high cliff on his place, Mr. Yates came upon an immense grave containing a human skeleton. Albright remained upon the home farm during his youth and attained a fair education in the common schools of his neighborhood. He has taken much interest in the investigation of the noted mounds, one which he opened containing the skeleton of a giant human being.

Pike County, Indiana - Giant's Mound. Oborn and a few others, whose names are forgotten, were digging a grave on top of a mound near Siple' s, and reaching the depth of about three feet came upon the remains of three persons. The first was a huge being, the lower maxillary being large enough to pass over that of a living person, flesh and all.

Stuckey further says that the. Home of the Ancient Giants. It is circular in form, inclosing about three-fourths of an. None of them took the tiling very seriously; it was regarded as a picturesque legend. But now amazing n. They will go out to the mesa Rica and endeavor to buy the skeleton of a human giant, which was last week unearthed by Luciano Quintana. Shutt, while exploring an Indian mound on the farm of Marion Thompson, in Huntington county, Indiana on the 14th, unearthed a number of Indian skeletons, the largest being that of an Indian giant, eight feet two inches long.

The skull is f. All of the skeletons discovered were of gigantic proportions, a stature of seven feet, or thereabouts, all in a sitting posture, with fractured femurs, o. It was found two feet below the surface of the ground and the bones were detached from one another, all howev. One day last week while making an excavation into the mound-like formation, some farmer near Rugby in Bartholomew county unearthed a number of skeletons of giant size.

Buried with the skeletons, were a number of various impleme. One may finally hint at the practice of erecting honorary statues in public buildings He dated it in the Archaic period and located it in the agora The chamber is only 3. The chamber as well as a tiny antechamber on a slightly higher level had seven niches in the walls. A staircase of ten steps led to the antechamber Hoepfner leaves open to which of the Milesian founders the grave may have belonged. He compared the structure with the Late Archaic subterranean grave in the agora of Poseidonia-Paestum in Italy.

The latter grave consisted of a built-chamber without any entrance, having a gabled roof, on which an additional roof made of terracotta tiles was later placed, covered by a tumulus. The grave included several hydriai and amphorae made of bronze and terracotta, standing along the walls and filled with a brown sticky substance, the remains of a bed, as well as five iron spits lying on a central stone basis. It has been interpreted not as a grave, but as a cenotaph for the founder of Poseidonia, because bones or ashes of a cremation are missing Subterranean chamber west of the bouleuterion, Hellenistic?

However, neither is the chamber located in the agora, nor is a dating likely to the Archaic period. To begin with the dating: The pottery finds behind the walls flanking the staircase were predominantly Archaic, but included some later material The pavement surrounding the mouth of the staircase seems to have been installed not before the Roman Imperial period, judging by the pottery found under it In the last period of use, in Late Roman or early Byzantine times, an opening was cut into the roof of the main chamber, which was now used as a cistern From the early 6 th century BC on, the area where the grave is located forms part of the street-insula-grid system figs.

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This place was not an open space, but covered with the building structures of an insula Nevertheless, the agora was close by, only one insula-block to the East, and the next insula to the Northwest housed the sanctuary of Dionysos, which is at least of Archaic age, marking the importance of this city district Its position close to the city center is remarkable, being under one of the houses of an insula. This is a clear hint of a multiple burial place used over a longer period, otherwise typical for family graves. The burial ground of a burial-association, not organized according to family structures.

This calls into mind a whole series of so-called temenitai -inscriptions from Hellenistic Miletos These attest several associations of temenitai or temenizontes , part of them metoikoi , non-citizens from abroad, venerating specific gods in their own sanctuaries temene , where they, at least partly, also placed their collective burials But two were found within the city, one of them northwest of the Hellenistic bouleuterion , exactly in the area where our chamber tomb is located. It lists at least twelve persons, called temenizontes , and is dedicated to Apollo, Zeus and Aphrodite.

The list whose present whereabout is not known, was dated to the 1 st century BC out of prosopographical reasons Instead, the cult of specific, personalized heroes of exceptional moral qualities as distinct part of the cult of the dead was always present in Greek culture as an Indo-European heritage from at least Bronze Age on , forming a difference to e. Otherwise, the apotheosis of the Roman emperors would have made no sense: Being a heroized ancestor, he could subsequently protect the imperial family as well as the Roman state — at least as long as he was asked for via executing his cult One is strikingly remembered of the central separation ritual of Hittite imperial funerals: In this regard, the interpretation of archaeological finds turns out to be very complicated: The phenomenon of Mycenaean tombs being reused for cult purposes in the 8 th century BC does not mark the beginning of Greek hero cult as often believed, but instead signals a huge increase in its popularity out of different reasons, the most important being self-identification of social groups, their cohesion, the legitimation of their claim to power and territory On the other hand, a clear distinction between tomb- and hero cult at a certain burial site is sometimes impossible It is also important to stress the high age and important role of heroic figures like Herakles, the prototypic hero per se , whose two-folded, heroic and Olympic cult is Pan-Greek It may well be that Solon, in the context of his new funerary laws aiming at reducing the excessive public display of the aristocratic families during burials- ceremonies, transformed the traditional festival of the genesia , dedicated to the cult of the ancestors at the tombs of each Athenian family on a distinct date, into a yearly public festival It makes good sense that these Solonian public genesia also addressed the public Tritopatores as newly created communal ancestors of all Athenians at the state Tritopatreion Comparable to the individual ancestors of each family, these public Tritopatores not only served for strengthening the identity and cohesion of the Athenian people and proofed their autochthonous offspring, but also acted as their protectors and guarantors of future procreation These heroes figure as a moral exemplum for the elite of the Iron race, being their semi-divine forefathers and as such addressees of cultic veneration The best of them stay on the Isles of the Blest , or in the Eleusian Fields , living on forever, sometimes visited by the gods and dining with them.

Erechtheus the Athenian even shares his cult place with the local goddess Athena on the Acropolis Exceptions are rare and first restricted to mythical heroes like Herakles, Achilles and Asklepios This is described with much humour by Aristophanes in his comedy Birds by referring to an ancient Indo- European myth, also present in the Hittite Kumarbi myth The triumphal advent of Peithetairos in Cloudcuckooville forms a model for the later deification of the Roman emperors via the process of posthumous apotheosis But again does the tradition lead back at least to the apotheosis of the Hittite emperors, with whom the Etruscan and Roman elites shared a common Indo-European origin from Asia Minor This is why, from Late Archaic times on, the number of public hero cults of recently deceased persons, first restricted mainly to founders, starts to grow significantly, now including athletes , Seven Sages sophoi like Thales, statesmen like Chares in Miletos, or the poet Archilochos of Paros In the 5 th century, the heroization of living persons is first occuring , reaching its zenith with the cult of Hellenistic rulers But this is merely a matter of our preserved evidence But this development is not to be mixed up with an invalidation of the title heros , as it still keeps its religious connotation This is only what Christian polemics want to make us believe Instead they can be understood as allegorical depictions of the emperors and the dead, stressing their godlike qualities , they owe to the fact that they participate in the divine via their immortal, divine souls.

Januar , Ratisbonne, , II , Chichester, West Sussex, , Bol, Funde aus Milet, Teil 2: Un problema storico-religioso , Rome, Zeugnisse und Kommentare , Berlin, Il culto degli imperatori romani in Grecia Provincia Achaia nel secondo secolo D. Excavations in the Heart of Classical Athens , Londres, Santuari mediterranei , Milan, , Griechisch und deutsch , Vol. A Guide to the ancient City , Fribourg, Agency, Emotion, Gender, Reception , Stuttgart, , A History of the City to B. Geplantes und Erreichtes, Internationales Symposion, 6. Januar , Regensburg, , Interne Entwicklungen — Externe Impulse , Berlin, , Ein neuer Kommentar der sog.

Molpoi-Satzung [Milesische Forschungen 4], Mayence, Oktober ], Bonn, , Agora and Townplanning in Miletus before and after the Persian Wars in preparation. Juni [Vestigia 47], Munich, , Studies in Ancient History and Epigraphy presented to H. Pleket , Amsterdam, , Hiller von Gaertringen, F. Entstehung und Entwicklung der griechischen Religion , Innsbruck, Revised Edition with a Supplement by A. Johnston , Oxford, Kekule von Stradonitz, R. Book of Iambi , Oxford, Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition , Oxford, Tod und Jenseits bei den Griechen , Mayence, From the Beginnings to the Archaic Age.

Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um vor Christus , Munich, Buried among the Living. Evidenza ed interpretazione di contesti funerari in abitato. Philippika [Marburger Altertumskundliche Abhandlungen 1], Wiesbaden, , II , Chichester, West Sussex, , s. A Sourcebook , Oxford, Pollution and Purification in early Greek Religion , Oxford, Greeks and Romans in Southern Italy , Londres, Geburtstag , Graz, , Ein Kultort der Tritopatores? Die Inschriften , Berlin, I-II , Heidelberg, Eine kurze Geschichte des Sehens , Stuttgart, Seelencult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen, Vols.

Neues zum Magnesischen Tor in Ephesos. I lati nord ed est della platea inferiore, Rome, Aspects of Indo-European Poetics , Oxford, Die Bauwerke in Milet. Oktober [Milesische Forschungen 5], Mayence, , Herrmann ; Herrmann ; Herrmann , no.

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Herda a, f. Let us hope that they can be continued in an intelligent collaboration with our Turkish hosts and international colleagues! The reconstructions of Kleiner , fig. The strip of shorter insulae continues also east of the agora, directly south of the Delphinion.

There the baths and the palaestra of Capito cover the smaller insula plus the street in the South, extending 40 m from North to South: Kleiner , figs. It remains open, if and when this publication will appear. The loculi were already robbed when excavated, but in the central cavern in the floor were found several bones, a well preserved skull, a silver ring, a golden sheet, glass paste and a bone plaque with an Ionic capital scratched in part of a furniture, e.

These finds may belong to the original burial of Heroon I and were put here when the chamber was additionally furnished with the loculi. Burkert , 69 with n. Ogden , f. Also, in the oath of the founders of Kyrene, a figurine, labeled kolosos and made of wax, is burnt: Herrmann , 68 f. Graeve , 8 f. I will refer to this matter in a separate publication; see also below. Kleiner , 17 f.

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Philoxenos immediately preceded Asandros, but the existing sources do not mention his presence in Miletos: The strategically important harbour town changed its owner more often: Antigonids, Seleukids and Ptolemies, all struggled for Karia in the first quarter of the 3 rd century BC, a lot of opportunities for a Macedonian to die in Miletos; cf.

Kleiner , ; Marcellesi , Posamentir points me to the fact that the floral decoration of the pediment resembles that of Macedonian grave reliefs, e. He prefers to date the stele rather to the 3 rd than to the 2 nd century BC personal communication, Jones , 95 f. The rooms grouped around the tumulus, one of them a dining room with a floor mosaic, date to the late 2 nd or early 1 st century BC: They could have been part of a re-arrangement of the older burial place in the time of Dokimos or his father Antiphon. But graves often have altars, too, where heroic honours could be payed to the deceased, besides the regular libations into the ground choai.

They included dining at the grave: Burkert a, f. For that one only has to think of the countless round altars and trapezai in the Hellenistic necropoleis of Kos, Rhodes, the Rhodian peraia and the Knidia, sometimes combined with exedrai with benches for seating: Berges and ; for Miletos see for example the round altar and exedra in the necropolis south of the Sacred Gate: Forbeck , figs. It is mentioned in the honorary decree for the Milesian citizen Eirenias of c. Additionally, its architectural details, especially the Doric columns which are facetted in their lower part were already recognized as being close to Pergamenian architecture; Gerkan , fig.

At least in the 1 st century BC, Miletos had three Gymnasia, one for the paides, one for the epheboi and the neoi , and one for the citizens: Herrmann , ; Herda a, 92 f. Herda a, and , 63 n. Therefore Eumenes II did not built the gymnasium from the start, but expanded its building facilities. The Eumenes-gymnasium is to be located west of the stadium, because the Milesian honorary decree for Eumenes Herrmann , 98 f.

Herrmann , with n. Antenor won the pankration in Ol. Eusebios, Chronical I ; cf. On their cult in Didyma see Weber foundation-oracle on an altar of ca. See also the honorary decrees for C. Iulius Epikrates, Herrmann et al.

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Bol , 10 with n. He argued against C. Fredrich suspected the Sebasteion , mentioned in no.

B , in the area north of the bouleuterion. On the whole argumentation and its critics see Herrmann , who at least seems to follow Tuchelt in his conclusion that the Ehrengrab is an Ara Augusti. See also Hermann , on no. Tuchelt , 97 with n. Herrmann , n. Herrmann , no. Again, this is only a hypothesis: A small round altar of Augustus was found in the peristyle of the Baths of Capito: Herrmann , , no.

It may have been originating from there, or more probably from the adjacent Delphinion. The dedicatory inscription of c.

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But the original altar of the bouleuterion , the Hestia Boulaia, is to be expected within the assembly hall, see already Tuchelt , with n. The altar in the courtyard of the peristyle is therefore a secondary altar. The inscription was first published in BCH 1, , f. Wiegand may have referred to it in the preliminary report, though he gave no citation. The lower part of a clothed female statue, found in the assembly hall by the excavators, was interpreted as cult statue of Hestia: Kleiner , 79; Nawotka , Unfortunately, the torso is not preserved, at least is it not mentioned in Bol Cult statues of Hestia are rather rare.

In the prytaneion at the old agora of Athens for the location NE of the Acropolis see Herda , f. Miller , 15, 17, f. Other statues are mentioned for Paros and Delos: Miller , 15 with n. If this can serve as an indication for a bouleuterion in Miletos already in the mid-6 th century BC is an open question. Line are the original inscription of before c.

But this makes no sense, as the propylon mentioned in l. The area directly east of the former propylon is at least the place, where the basis was found during excavations. The building inscriptions of c. For the the paleography: In the late 1 st century BC the basis was re-dedicated for L. Ahenobarbus, consul in 16 BC, this time the inscription was written on the opposite side: Herrmann , f.

Wycherley , 55 no. Wycherley , 56 f. Mikalson , f. For the Tholos being the prytanikon , where the council of the 50 prytanes hold their office after the reforms of Ephialtes in BC: Herda , 71 f. Hahn , 49, no. Hahn , 15, 49, , no. A small architrave with an inscription, naming Iulius Apollonios in the genitive, may have been part of the heroon architecture. Unfortunately its find spot is unknown: Iulius Diadumenos is most probably a descendant of C. Kleiner , 78 f.

For the spatial closeness of a public thesauros with a bouleuterion see Vitruvius, de architectura 5. Themelis , 51 and , Themelis , 51 f.

As the place is located in the middle of the agora, it seems more likely to me that the Messenians installed a kind of hero shrine at the historical spot. It would have been abandoned only when the cult had been of no interest any more or had fallen victim to Christianity. A hint at the point in time of abandonment will give the disturbed filling of the structure, whose finds and dating is not published so far. There, a mnema and an altar were erected in the agora where he received a hero cult with games: Wiegand , , The whole matter deserves further investigation. Herrmann , figs. Iulius Epikrates, son of heros Iulius Apollonios , no.

Iulius Apollonios, father of Epikrates. See especially Herrmann , with n. This results in two assumptions: Epikrates is not a heros yet, 2.

Nevertheless, it is remarkable that he receives a dedicatory inscription by his fellow citizens. On the difficulties with differentiating the prytaneion from the Aisymnion and bouleuterion see Highbarger , 17 f. To me it seems likely to equate the Aisymnion with the prytaneion of Megara, as the office of the aisymnetes is equal with that of the archprytanis , e. On the urbanization of Megara see now Mertens , with fig.

Literally underlying the archaic city is an early geometric necropolis, whose tombs obviously acquired their specific heroic identity over time. The result was a city where the funerary world was enlisted to define the world of the living, and in particular that of politics. Herda , 43 f. During the Anthesteria the dead souls climb up to the surface and move around in the city: Burkert a, , Pfister , 76 f. A critical revision of the evidence is now presented in Mangoldt forthcoming.

Mangoldt forthcoming, catalogue nos. A5 Antheia, Mycenaean tholos grave, cult: B11 Kopanaki, Mycenaean tholos , cult: Geometric and Hellenistic-Roman ; insecure: C 19 Soulinari, Mycenaean tholos , cult: Hellenistic and Late Roman? But how did the Athenians later collect the ashes of Solon in Salamis?

This was declined by Knigge , , who instead proposed an early Classical tumulus north of the Dipylon Gate and close to the Demosion Sema ibid. Knigge , , no. But as Knigge , n. Also a bronze urn including ashes was found in the tumulus Knigge , fig. Knigge , with n. This is highly speculative, to put it mildly. When we at least accept the reliability of Aelian, we have to assume in the 2 nd century AD a grave precinct, enclosed within a wall, perhaps including also a cenotaph, while the ashes of Solon stay in Salamis. Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4.

See also the cult of the Roman Penates at the hearth, or that of the Etruscan dii animales: For the purifying function of the fire in hero cults see n. The most sacred hearth of the polis , that of Hestia Prytaneia, was to be found in the Molpon , the house of the cult association of Apollo Delphinios in the Delphinion, see below with n. It is located west of the theater and directly in front of the northern stoa of the agora: Betegh , ; Burkert , This date is too high, as we known from Herodotus 1. They correct the birth date to Ol. Hahn , f. This seems less convincing as we know that Thales had his akme in the age of c.

Gerkan , figs. I hold the southern hall of the Delphinion for the Molpon-prytaneion. The connection between the tumulus grave and the adjacent sanctuary to the south so e. First of all, the sanctuary has a different orientation at least from the second half of the 5 th century BC toward the South. Stucchi , thinks of a heroon for the daimon Ephialtes Opheles because of a graffito: Stucchi , , pl. The title is also an epitheton of Apollo Didymeus, the oracle god sanctioning the Milesian colonisation , e.

Aelius Aristeides, Orationes Herda , , 55 with n. Herda , 28 with n. Parker , 42 n. Death causes ritual impurity, a pollution mysos , miasma , which calls for ritual cleaning. Therefore death-related things are regularly excluded from sanctuaries and the city: Parker , , ; Burkert a, f. See on related funeral laws: Frisone , , , , For graves within the city of Sparta: McCauley , 86 n.

The connection of thought becomes almost explicit when the Athenians purify Delos in response to plague. Lolos , f. The two gods had left Sikyon in mythical times, when it was still an indigenous settlement called Aigialeia: The cult of Apollo as well as the procession seem to be at least of Archaic age.

The Aristotelian Corpus mentions an old temple of Apollo, which was in ruins in the time of Pausanias: Burkert , f.

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This is confirmed by Pausanias who describes the heroon as being placed in front of the house of the tyrant Kleon at the agora: Malkin , f. But there is no hint at an old and a new agora in Sicyon. In BC Demetrios Poliorketes had only relocated the settlement to the acropolis out of security reasons Diodorus This does not imply that he also relocated the old, Archaic agora, where the graves of the heroes Adrastos and Melanippos were located: Malkin , , Plutarch, Aratus 53; see Leschhorn , who attributes the birthday festival to the cult of the founder Aratos, though he thinks that birthday festivals are not typical for a founder cult ibid.

The heroon of Aratos has not been found so far: He is supposed to have joined Pammilos but was, according to Mertens, later on forgotten, his grave was left devastated: Mertens , 80 f. On the Tritopatores as collective ancestors of smaller kinship groups gene, phratries, demes as well as of the whole polis see Clinton ; Iles-Johnston , 51 f. Farnell , ; Schweitzer , 75 f.

The Tritopatores are probably depicted in one of the pediments of the so-called Ur-Parthenon on the Akropolis: Schweitzer and others have identified them with the so-called Typhon or Bluebeard, a figure with three upper parts of humans and a snake-like lower part, three times intertwined. The figures, dated c. Weinreich , 77 f. Another early depiction of the Tritopatores , this time as wind-gods, may be found on a Laconian bowl of the so-called Naukratis Painter c. Studniczka , ; Harrison , fig. However, this identification is questioned by some scholars: Pipili , fig.

Aphrodite with Erotes, but in the latter case she cannot explain the different sex of the winged figures! See now also Thomsen , figs. To me, the differing preservation of the two graves seems a matter of later accidental stone extraction. It does not imply that the southern one was devastated earlier. The southern temenos -wall around the northern grave clearly respects the southern grave. The southern temenos-wall comes closer to the northern grave than to the southern.

The first lies remarkably excentrical within the temenos: Mertens , figs. Maybe the southern grave is the one of Pammilos, while the northern one in the temenos is that of Euthydamos. The location was the grave of Myskos, which was probably situated in the Zeus Meilichios sanctuary on the Gaggera Hill outside the city according to Jameson et al. Lupu , n. Instead, the libation of a honey mixture A 13 f. Mertens , 81 f. He interprets it as the altar of Zeus Agoraios, where the tyrant Euryleon was killed Herodotus 5. A imply that the sanctuary of Zeus was incorporated in that of the hero?

That the Archaic-Classical Tritopatreion in the Kerameikos necropolis of Athens was a state sanctuary of the Tritopatores of the Athenian people, as supposed by some scholars cf. They do not specify any group-relation. But what speaks against this assumption is that the sanctuary was destroyed in the later 4 th century BC and never again restored: Stroszeck , 68 f. Each book get better. Looking forward to the next one. Cause I couldn't put it down! Reading the last story ties all 3 together. Will there be another? Get to Know Us.

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