Preciso como un reloj (Criminal (roca)) (Spanish Edition)
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To obtain additional insights into the possible locus of any effects observed we also measured naming times for correct responses, and considered possible priming effects on other response outcomes e. On half of critical trials, counterbalanced across participants and items, the Spanish translation of the picture name was included in the list of primes; on the other half, the translation was replaced with an unrelated Spanish word.
If dual-language activation increases TOT rates, participants should report more TOTs when the Spanish translation was included among the primes compared to when the translation was omitted in favor of an unrelated word. The separate associate tasks used in the two experiments were introduced to provide leverage for identifying the mechanism underlying any observed effects, as further explained below. Finally, we also measured reaction times for correct responses, to reveal if translation facilitation versus competition effects arise at different processing loci e. Early evidence for dual-language activation effects came from studies of late bilinguals speaking in a second language using the picture-word interference paradigm, showing that distractors in a non-target language, or related to words in a non-target language, can interfere with production of a different target language Hermans et al.
Under such conditions, influences from the more dominant language can be quite robust. Subsequent studies revealed similar effects in highly proficient early bilinguals Costa et al. For these reasons we focused our investigation on production of English target words, the language dominant in the environment at the University of California, San Diego UCSD and the dominant language for the majority of bilinguals at UCSD. To increase the possibility of priming between translation equivalents which are related only in meaning , in addition to having speakers read the primes aloud, we instructed speakers to focus on meaning the aspect of representation most likely to be shared between translation equivalents using a semantic association task.
With presentation of each prime, participants read the prime aloud, and then were asked to think of and produce another Spanish word that is related in meaning. Thus, on related trials, both the experimentally presented translation-prime and the speaker initiated related Spanish associate could potentially influence retrieval of the English target word. For example, the primes for the target picture of an octopus might include pulpo which is Spanish for octopus , dinero Spanish for money and clase Spanish for class. Thus, both pulpo and whatever semantically related Spanish name speakers produce e.
Participants completed a language history questionnaire. Nine participants rated their ability to speak Spanish slightly better than English. With one small exception reported below , the pattern of results does not change when excluding these Spanish-dominant bilinguals.
Participant characteristics in Experiments 1 and 2 and t-tests for the difference between experiments. One hundred pictures designed to elicit English target names were chosen from previous TOT experiments and other sources. An attempt was made to select targets that speakers would know in both languages but that were also sufficiently low frequency that they might elicit a TOT in the dominant language. Each English target was then paired with 4 Spanish primes for a total of primes. Each target had one Spanish translation-equivalent prime for related trials , an unrelated control prime for unrelated trials , and two additional unrelated filler primes for all trials.
The English target names and their corresponding Spanish primes are shown in the Appendix. On each trial three primes were presented followed by one picture. The position of the related primes and their controls was also equally divided between first, second, and third prime position. Targets were always presented in the same order these are listed in the order in which they were presented in the Appendix , but relatedness and critical prime position for each target was counterbalanced between subjects.
To achieve this counterbalancing, six experimental lists were created rotating relatedness and prime position such that across lists each target appeared in related and unrelated conditions with critical primes in each of the three possible positions. Related and unrelated trials were distributed throughout the list with no more than 6 trials of the same type in succession.
Each participant was tested on just one of the 6 lists, each of which had 50 trials with one translation-related prime and two unrelated primes related trials , and 50 trials with three unrelated primes unrelated trials. Are you sure you know it? Participants were tested individually with an experimenter present throughout the testing session.
Stimuli were presented on a inch color monitor connected to a Macintosh computer running PsyScope 1. On each trial, three Spanish prime words were presented one at a time followed by the picture to elicit the English target name. Participants controlled the transition from each prime to the next prime or the target with a space-bar press.
Participants were instructed to read each Spanish prime aloud, and then to produce a Spanish word that was related in meaning. For example, if the participant saw the word perro dog they might say gato cat. After each set of three primes a picture was presented and participants were told to try to name the picture in English as quickly as possible. The use of three prime words instead of just a single related or unrelated prime was included to discourage speakers from translating the Spanish primes in anticipation of possibly related upcoming English target words.
At the conclusion of all the trials participants were asked what they thought the experiment was about, if they noticed any relationship between the primes and targets, what the relationship was, and how soon in the experiment they noticed. Responses were classified into one of three major types: Related and unrelated trials were compared using both response outcomes and RTs.
On each picture naming trial, an experimenter pressed one button if a correct naming response triggered the voice-key producing a valid RT, and a different button to indicate that the RT was invalid if the voice-key was triggered in a different way e. Figure 1 shows the number of positive TOTs our variable of primary interest on translation primed versus control trials, Table 2 shows the percent of responses classified into each of the three types outlined above, and Figure 2 shows naming times for correct retrievals.
Mean number of positive TOT states in related and unrelated conditions in Experiments 1 and 2. Error bars show standard errors.
Mean naming times RTs for correct responses in related and unrelated conditions Experiments 1 and 2. Speakers reported almost one 0. To the extent that translation primes induced more TOTs, this effect was at least somewhat temporary, as speakers spontaneously resolved nearly one 0. Analysis of GOTs and Other response rates did not show any consistent effects of prime relatedness. Experiment 1 showed that bilinguals were more likely to report a TOT for an English target word when first primed with Spanish translation equivalent words than with unrelated words, an effect that was significant by subjects and marginally significant by items.
This suggests that dual-language activation can increase TOT reports in bilinguals, and therefore that dual-language activation could be a contributing factor explaining why bilinguals get stuck in TOTs more often than monolinguals. Of course, naming times are assessed only when speakers name the pictures correctly, so at least in principle, the facilitation observed on these correct retrievals may be separate from any effects seen with TOTs.
One possibility is that the prime task used in Experiment 1 whereby subjects generated semantic associates of the translations and other Spanish words may have caused speakers to think of more of the conceptual features of the named entity. The fact that these features belong also to the target concept may have led to faster conceptual processing, causing faster picture naming times irrespective of any effects on TOTs.
To further explore the effect of translation equivalent primes on dominant-language TOT rates, we asked whether the effects we observed for RTs and TOT incidence might arise at different processing loci. To test this, in Experiment 2 we replaced the semantic association task with a phonological association task, such that speakers were asked to generate words that were similar in sound to the prime words. If translation facilitation effects for either RTs and TOTs are enhanced by the semantic association task, then the switch from semantic association to phonological association should reduce the extent to which translation facilitation occurs.
In the first place, we can look to see if this eliminates the faster naming times observed for correct retrieval times when speakers were primed by translations compared to when they were primed by only unrelated words. Of further interest, however, will be whether the switch to the phonological association task has any effect on priming of TOTs observed in Experiment 1. For example, if the change in task also affects TOT rates this would place priming effects at a relatively early processing stage i.
Conversely, if the change in task does not affect TOT rates this would suggest that priming effects do not arise at a purely semantic locus, and perhaps instead arise at a lexical locus we assume that the change in task leads speaker to perform less elaborate semantic processing — or perhaps even no semantic processing — of the non-dominant language translation primes. Also of interest was to consider if priming effects might have been caused by semantically related associates that bilinguals generated; to the extent that these might have increased TOT rates the effects should disappear in Experiment 2 in which speakers generated phonological rather than semantic associates to the translation primes.
To examine the locus of translation-priming effects in Experiment 1, the procedure in Experiment 2 was the same as in Experiment 1 except that speakers were instructed to produce phonologically related words instead of semantically related words when presented with each Spanish prime. Note that although the phonological association task encouraged speakers to focus on the form of the Spanish prime words, the association responses they produced are not phonologically or semantically related to the target names.
That is, in both Experiments 1 and 2, the translation primes were related to the targets only through meaning, whereas in Experiment 1 both the translation primes and likely the semantic associates that speakers produced were related in meaning to the English target names. Additionally, although the task was phonological association in Experiment 2, it is unlikely that the phonological associates would be related in meaning or form to the English targets.
For example, consider again the related trial for the target octopus with the primes pulpo Spanish for octopus , dinero Spanish for money and clase Spanish for class. Phonological associates for these primes might include papel Spanish for paper , delgado Spanish for thin , and clavo Spanish for nail , none of which are related in meaning or form to the target octopus 3. In this respect the manipulation in Experiment 2 is rather different from phonological priming studies of TOTs in monolinguals e.
Here the focus is exclusively on the possible influence of translation equivalent word forms for inducing TOTs. Thirty Spanish-English bilinguals who were undergraduates at UCSD and did not participate in Experiment 1 participated for course credit. However, these differences were no longer significant after excluding Spanish-dominant participants, and the pattern of results reported below is not different when excluding Spanish-dominant participants from the analyses. The procedure was the same as in Experiment 1 except that after reading the Spanish prime aloud, participants were instructed to produce a word that is related in sound to the prime.
For example, if the participant saw the word perro which means dog they might say papel paper. Despite the change in task, as in Experiment 1, translation primes significantly increased TOT reports: Also as in Experiment 1, TOTs were significantly more likely to be spontaneously resolved by 0. Mean naming times are shown in Figure 2. Thus, the change in task from semantic to phonological association seemed to have eliminated translation facilitation effects on RTs entirely.
Comparing the main findings in Experiments 1 and 2, the results suggest a robust effect of change in task on correct response times, but little effect on the TOT data. The contrast between experiments suggests that translation facilitation effects influenced naming times by speeding access to the target-relevant concepts in Experiment 1, and the similarity between experiments on TOT effects implies that the facilitatory effect of semantic elaboration affects only the speed of correct retrieval and is separate from any TOT effects.
The primary goal in the current study was to determine if bilingual speakers are more likely to get stuck in a TOT state because of prior production of or activation of a translation equivalent word. In two experiments, prior processing of a translation equivalent significantly increased the probability of a TOT response even though primes were in a nondominant language Spanish and bilinguals attempted to retrieve targets in their more dominant language English.
These data suggest that dual-language activation contributes to why bilinguals have more TOTs than monolinguals. Importantly, this conclusion does not require that dual-language activation increases TOTs via interference between languages a possibility we discuss in detail below. It is also compatible with the hypothesis that reduced frequency of use of each language also leads bilinguals to have more TOTs than monolinguals i. The current data merely demonstrate that the increased TOT rate may occur for more than one reason, a proposal that fits well with the robustness of the phenomenon.
Although these data demonstrate that recent processing of a translation equivalent word increases the chances of a TOT it remains to be determined to what extent translations must be processed to influence TOT rates, and how often bilingual speakers actually face such dual-language activation when they speak. In these experiments, the translation was explicitly presented, creating potentially greater other-language competition than bilinguals experience in everyday life. Priming of TOTs might occur only if translations are externally presented and overtly processed as they were in the current study, or it is possible that more implicit processing could have the same effect.
Note however that the type of processing appeared to have no influence on TOT rates. That is, in Experiment 1 speakers generated semantic associates to the primes enhancing semantic processing of the prime , whereas in Experiment 2 speakers generated phonological associates enhancing phonological processing of the prime. Presumably, these tasks enhanced different aspects of prime processing, and indeed the change in task had a robust effect on correct naming times, but no effect on TOT rates. This suggests that differences in the extent or manner to which translations are activated do not change the extent to which dual-language activation increases TOT rates.
In addition, the current study demonstrated an effect of the nondominant language on the dominant language; dual-language activation is likely to have much stronger effects when bilinguals speak in their non-dominant language. Finally, each bilingual produced just target words in the current study — the number of words a speaker says in less than a minute or two.
Though other-language activation may be relatively reduced in natural language use, the far greater number of opportunities for TOTs to occur in natural language production suggests that the current observations may indeed be relevant to everyday language use. Another open question remains about the mechanism underlying the robust increase in TOTs reported here. In the introduction, we briefly described two mechanisms that might allow dual-language activation to increase TOT rates in bilingual speakers. First, competition between translations may have caused a response that would have been fully retrieved to be at least temporarily interfered with, effectively turning a GOT into a TOT.
These mechanisms make different predictions regarding the effect of the relatedness manipulation on GOT and Other less successful response rates. By the first explanation, including the translation in the prime set should decrease GOT rates along with increasing TOT rates. Analyses of GOTs and Other less successful than TOT responses in Experiments 1 and 2 did not provide conclusive evidence favoring either of these explanations — perhaps implying that both mechanisms are at play. To further increase our power for testing these predictions, we combined the data from Experiments 1 and 2, and used a form of analysis of derived TOT rates based on logic developed by Gollan and Brown In addition, we used logistic mixed-effects regression which combines subjects and items into a single analysis and also addresses a number of possible shortcomings associated with the use of traditional ANOVA in repeated measures designs with categorical outcomes; Dixon, ; Jaeger, Fixed effects were prime relatedness, and the models included both random intercepts, and correlated random slopes for relatedness for both subjects and items.
For these analyses it was not possible to calculate proportions as Gollan and Brown recommend because with logistic regression each trial for each participant is coded individually.
Experiment 1: Semantic Association to Translation Primes
Thus, in the analysis of GOTs, correct responses were coded as 1s and all other trials were coded as 0s. For the analysis of Other response outcomes we used the logic of Gollan and Brown see below by coding GOTs and positive TOTs both self-resolved and not as 1s and all other trials as 0s. To confirm that this approach to data analysis replicates the above reported TOT findings, we also conducted an analysis of TOTs, in which we contrasted successful GOTs with partially successful retrievals TOTs , by coding GOTs as 1s, and all positive TOTs both self-resolved and not as 0s, and excluding all other trials.
These codings roughly correspond to the logic outlined by Gollan and Brown in the following way: From the perspective of a TOT analysis, to fully produce a name, speakers must proceed through two processing steps: First, they must retrieve the conceptual features that correspond to the meaning of the name. Second, they must retrieve the lexical representation and phonological features of the name. A failure at the first of these steps, such that speakers do not retrieve the correct conceptual features of a to-be-produced name either because they retrieve nothing, or because they retrieve the wrong conceptual features is what Gollan and Brown termed a Step 1 failure —both TOTs and GOTs reflect successful completion of this stage which justifies collapsing these together when analyzing Other response outcomes in the logistic regression.
A failure at the second of these steps, such that speakers do not fully retrieve the lexical or phonological features of a to-be-produced name given that they have retrieved the correct conceptual features is what Gollan and Brown term a Step 2 failure. You have to put a screen in front of the door. I wish I'd bought a white dress!
There are white people, Indians, and Negroes in this city. They hit the target. Leave this sheet blank. They hit the mark three times. The soldiers had target practice in the morning. He didn't open his mouth all afternoon. The subway entrance is on the corner. The child's sleeping on his stomach. He was lying on his back on the beach. What an embarrassing situation that was! What sultry weather we're having! What a shameful action! Blow the horn so that car'll let us pass. I'm out of breath. Give me that iron ball. We bought some tennis balls. There was a crowd of people at the entrance of the theater.
She carried a silk purse. I need a paper bag to put it in. I don't know what the quotations are on the exchange today. They used a pump to take out the water. The bomb destroyed three houses. It struck like a bombshell! Where is there a filling station? Se puso una bomba. He got drunk [ Am ]. Three bulbs have burned out. Thank you for your kindness. Please wait a moment.
He was lying on the bed. Be careful, don't throw away those papers. Look how that ball bounces. I want a can of tomatoes. When he heard it he jumped. The theater was jammed. Be careful, it's a fierce bull. He got very mad. I don't like this paper; it's too shiny. He gave her a diamond bracelet. Let's drink to your health! I said it as a joke.
He takes everything lightly. He's abrupt in his way of speaking. That's a very good car. It was a good opportunity. I'm not feeling very well. Bueno, nos veremos a las cinco. All right, we'll meet at five. He gave it to me willingly. They made a terrible racket. He went out with a bundle of clothes in his hand. He has a swelling on his head. As soon as he saw what he had to do, he ducked out. They were making fun of him. Put these letters in the mail box. He's a perfect gentleman. Here's your bill, sir. She wears her hair loose. Nothing else will fit in the trunk. The piano won't go through that door.
There's no doubt that he's English. That child has a very large head. He was the leader of the movement. You have to use your brains in this work. He plunged into the water head first. Business is in a mess. He never loses his head. Ese proyecto no tiene pies ni cabeza. There's no rhyme or reason to that plan. From end to end. We can't leave any loose ends. They passed the Cape of Good Hope.
He has corporal's stripes. They put an end to the conversation. I know the story from beginning to end. They carried out the plan right away. Take this junk out of here. Every day he says something different. Every one paid for his own meal. He asks me for it every time he sees me.
A heavy rain fell. He dropped to his knees. The suit's becoming to him. His birthday falls on Sunday. He was taken sick a few days ago. I didn't realize it until much later. She fell down the stairs. Be careful, don't drop the tray. He was lame after the fall. The opposition of the House caused the fall of the government. He gave her a box. He put a lot of money in the savings bank. They keep their jewelry in the safe. Look and see how much the cash register rings up. We have to see how much cash we have on hand. I'm going to buy a pack of cigarettes.
They've lost the key to the drawer. They received a box of books. She turned him down. They flunked him in geometry. He got a cramp while he was swimming. The dagger penetrated to his heart. I got home drenched. He pulled his hat down to his eyes. Let's figure out the cost of the trip. Please heat the water. They warmed themselves in the sun. He's had a fever for the past few days. Is this good material? Be careful, the soup's very hot. Why are you so quiet? He kept quiet while we were talking. He kept the truth from us.
You're talking too much. Se callaron de repente. All of a sudden they stopped talking. What street do you live on? I had no choice but to throw him out. When his business failed he was left penniless. We're in a blind alley. There was a calm after the storm. He takes his time when he works. These pills will ease the pain.
Dictionary of spoken Spanish
He didn't calm down until much later. I don't like the heat. It's very warm today. Everything he's saying is slander. What size shoe do you wear? I'm going to chock the wheels so the car won't move. Please make my bed. He's been confined to bed for the past three months. What kind of a camera do you have? They were talking together like old pals. The maid hasn't made up the room yet. Ask the waitress for the menu.
I want to reserve a first-class stateroom. He hasn't changed a bit since I saw him. Can you change a ten-peso bill for me? Has there been any change in policy? Do you have any change? What's the rate of exchange on the dollar today? I'll give you this book in exchange for the other one. He's very fond of walking.
You have to move cautiously in this matter. Is the road all right to drive on? I don't know how to go about getting it. They started out the following day. He was in his shirt sleeves. The soldiers will soon return to camp. I didn't hear how many times the clock struck. We lived in the country for many years. She found her first gray hair.
She has a lot of gray hair. We passed through the Panama Canal. The boat was approaching the English Channel. They brought us a basket of fruit. There are tennis courts in this park. What's the latest song hit? Give me a light for my cigarette. They decided to exchange prisoners. This man's very tiresome. It's a very tiring job. She gets tired quickly.
He's always harping on the same string. I want to learn that song. The tenor sang very well tonight. I'll have to tell it to him straight from the shoulder. How much do I owe you? He's a singing teacher. I like folk songs. Stand the book on edge. A lot of sugar cane is grown in Cuba. He carried a cane. They have to fix the water pipe; it's clogged. He bought a double-barreled shotgun. Have you seen the Grand Canyon? He wears a Spanish cape. The door needs another coat of paint. Poor people, they're on the downgrade! This tank has a capacity of thirty liters. He's a very capable business man.
I'd like to talk to the foreman. It's a room large enough for a library. He's not capable of such a low trick. I've been told that he's a very competent person. The company has a capital of a million dollars. They took a trip to the capital. I've read only the first three chapters. Don't pay any attention to her whims. She has a very pretty face. I don't understand the words on the face of the coin. He told him right to his face. He had to face the music. He's a man of very good character. Everything she does shows she has character. You have to put more coal in the stove. They were splitting their sides.
He doesn't have enough money to travel. This mule can't carry a heavier load. It's a cargo ship. They're taking the freight out of the car. They loaded the truck. The battery has to be charged. The cavalry charged the enemy. I'm charging this amount to your bill. He was very affectionate with his parents. My best regards to your family. I usually eat meat once a day. This cold weather gives me goose flesh. Do you want beef or pork?
I need a leather briefcase. The correspondence is kept in several files. I like horse races. They live on Third Avenue. He's preparing for a diplomatic career. He wrote it hurriedly. He sprinted to catch up to them. The highways in this country are excellent. There was a mule cart on the road.
We're going home by car. I'm going to mail this letter. He received a registered letter. Let's play cards a while. She was carrying a large leather bag under her arm. He took his wallet out of his pocket. Will that briefcase hold many books? What time does the mailman come? Will you be at home this afternoon? Are you married or single? This is the priest who married them. These colors don't match well. He'll be married next Sunday. He married a very young girl.
Have you got something to crack these nuts? This orange has a thick rind. Where do I throw these eggshells? You're getting to be an old crab. The soldiers were wearing steel helmets. The ship's hull is damaged. Though you rack your brains over it, you won't solve it. You very nearly guessed it.
There have been several cases of infantile paralysis. I'm going to tell you about a strange incident. In such a case, notify his family. Anyway, we'll see each other tomorrow. He doesn't obey his parents. Don't pay any attention to what he tells you. He has brown hair. He speaks a pure Spanish. He's a real Spaniard. What a coincidence meeting you here! Do you know him, by any chance? He's a professor at the National University.
The two are not in the same category. His rank isn't high enough for that position. He's a man of importance. The family fortune has increased a great deal. The river carries a huge volume of water. He was one of the leaders of the revolution. What was the cause of his delay? It was one of the famous cases of his time. She's caused me a lot of trouble.
You have to be careful in business. There's a lot of big game in that forest. The reporters were hunting for news. He transferred his whole estate to his son. He wouldn't give in. That strong light blinds me. My boss has a grudge against me. They celebrated his birthday with a big party. They all applauded his success. I'm certainly glad to see you.
He was the most famous writer of his day. He's a very zealous worker. He's very jealous of his wife. Where did you eat last night? We had fish for supper last night. Mail has to go through censorship. This article has to go through the censor's office. You can't blame her for what she did.
There were a hundred people in the hall. People died by the hundreds. He's on sentry duty. We live in the center of the city. There was a dance at our club. This belt fits me too tightly. Confine yourself to the facts. Don't hug the inside of the curve. I have to brush my hat. These boards haven't been planed right. Where can I buy a brush?
The station's near the hotel. It's about eleven o'clock. Is there a good restaurant somewhere near here? They live in a house close to ours. They fenced in the property with wire. I'm going to buy a box of matches. The temperature's forty below. Please close the door. Add a few words before I seal the letter.
Preciso como un reloj (Criminal (roca)) (Spanish Edition) and millions of Preciso como un reloj (Spanish Edition) (Spanish) Paperback – September 1, Tan muerto como tu (Spanish Edition) (Rocabolsillo Criminal) [Peter James] on Al criminal se le apodo Hombre de los zapatos y se cree que violo a cinco Pero tiene que ser una carrera contra reloj, porque la policia se teme que Paperback: pages; Publisher: Roca; Tra edition (July 6, ); Language: Spanish.
There's a very good view from that hill. I'm certain he's coming. Do you need a doctor's certificate? I'm going to register these letters. Let's drink a few glasses of beer. The noise hasn't stopped all day. Yesterday they fired seven employees. He always tells vulgar jokes. He makes fun of everybody. He's always in something underhanded. Stop joking; it's a serious matter. The roof's covered with sheet metal. You have to change the lock on the door.
She has beautiful rosy cheeks. I don't like botched jobs. He speaks broken Spanish. We played a joke on him by leaving him the bill. We were very disappointed in that girl. He lives in a very small room. She has three kids. From the window you can see the smokestacks of the factory. They climbed up on the roof to clean the chimney. They sat by the fireplace.
I have a pebble in my shoe. The maid'll take it to your house. Are these cups porcelain? Give me a dozen oranges. I got it right by accident. Watch out for the sparks that are flying out of the fireplace. He's not at all stupid. When I told him that, he got furious. Mi abuelo es profesor.
My grandpa is a teacher. Soy de Nueva York.
I'm from New York. Pencils are for writing, not for throwing. How much do you want for this picture? El casillero antiguo de mi abuela es de roble. My grandma's antique dresser is made of oak. Este reloj es de mi madre. This watch is my mother's. The party will be at my place. Yo soy del mejor equipo del mundo: I root for the best team in the world: It is seven in the morning.