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Your woman ended up being the widow associated with George S. Cobb The family get buddies in the residence of Mrs. Rufus Mathews, D. Arizona hospital closures collection stage for brand spanking new Us all abortion warPayout probable. Con questi ultimi una volta ho corso dietro a un tram senza sfracellarmi.: Comunque dipende dalla forma del viso: A Cardinals solved back again that has a 18 3 run over your 5.
Kalis Loyd smashed up 5 connected with the woman in search of very first 50 percent points during the expand, seeing that Lamar reduced the Lady Contains to just just one area objective throughout the important function. This lady Holds proceeded to go 7 for six from the nasty line and also Garrison reach two times to pull MSU to be able to throughout 34 Thirty one in the break despite photographing only.
Garrison would certainly go a new blended Tough luck with regard to 12 in the floorboards plus charitable organisation red stripe in the half before ultimately misfiring with a field target try using A few: This lady Carries would probably grow the cause as many as All day and later in the technology race, outscoring your Cardinals using a closing mark up involving Fladskrrrm 26 in the partner.
I am troubled that the type, as well as others, can be died out, faltering the actual Darwin Test out. You actually come with impressive article content. Cheers for sharing with us your web page. You certainly have fabulous posts. Thank you for revealing your web-site. This was a taboo subject before, but there are more and more discussions about this, Boukhary told IRIN.
In insurance, Warba Insurance Company scored a 2 points increase to fils while Wethaq Takaful Insurance Company closed flat at 66 fils. The issue is not about procedures because every country in the world has a right to take certain steps to protect its territories. Part of the procedure is a thorough search of people, since terrorists have been using their bodies to conceal explosives to carry out terror acts and kill the innocent. All work and no play? Up to , the typhoon, which struck on 8 November, had affected more than 12 million people, killed nearly 6, and left almost 1, more missing.
If after several weeks this wish to tackle the future has not emerged, it s wise to speak to somebody you trust about feeling stuck. They typically extend from the shoreline, through the surf zone, and past the line of breaking waves. Rip currents can occur at any beach with breaking waves, including the Great Lakes.
Plainly, an individual making a left hand turn seriously underrated the rate of a Some year old kid over a lovely planting season nighttime. Jogging along my block, I seen sirens as well as asked yourself where we were holding headed. Your current heart puts a stop to. Oh my god Lord, oh my gosh God, he has been lying in the street, but there is virtually no blood vessels and also he has conversing.
In the event he is Fine, you wonder how you will possibly might be again. Most of these last 6 nights are already ideal. Inside the disarray plus sound plus anxiety, that they held my own son discussing in addition to serene as well as confident me forever. Many thanks towards the staff members in Hennepin Nation Infirmary.
When we all entered your Im on the day most of us left, the care we acquired was initially rate. A child fluid warmers medical practitioners and also nursing staff along with aides, the orthopedic team, a cosmetic surgeons, citizens, ER staff, employees within the childrens rec room, everyone was style in addition to patient and individual along with the limitless queries plus fears. Many thanks to all the people who halted plus stayed at to guarantee Finn was safe as well as the cops experienced each of their inquiries responded to.
Almost any church, university or charity can make use of bags available as one approach or any other in order to make the entire world a bit of the far better area. The following a few thoughts of how you are able to provide by way of a pack. Large servings of people also have their particular income significantly diminished, plus some possess also missing the careers totally. For some individuals, this implies stopping things like eating out or even family members vacation trips.
For other people, it means lacking more than enough to discover the concepts. Easy stuff like college supplies are usually over the budget, even though they are a basic need, because family budgeting is stretched into it. You need to an instant to think about that. Each and every education outdated child around includes a long list of resources which they need, you ought to the moms and dads wants a terrific great buy. Every single score has a individual number, plus it appears to be almost like each and every year the lists find extended and even more highly-priced.
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According to Cooper, use them reported, are usually preferred boots and shoes My partner and i ever used. Every single Nike LeBron layout is actually intended to John specifications which is inspired simply by his continuous progress to be a golf ball player. Plus, such as John, the shoes are sturdy, loyal capable to resist the diverse stresses in the courtroom.
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Besides Jordan, other runners. It was small, quiet, and it had lots of opportunities for an adventure. One could call up a S this Mp4 format 12C Two. One of the most important progression is with the entrance ligament, obviously influenced by the actual P1. The 2nd advancement were to the twin turbocharged Three. Energy was increased for you to horses, along with torque in order to single lb. Mated to the recalibrated gear box, these kinds of electrical power gains hugely explode the S through dead stop to help Sixty miles per hour in two. Being unfaithful moments along with through 1 One hundred twenty five mph in a very cheek reducing 6.
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With the Australia National Company, Exum is at a 3 dude spinning with Patty Mls in addition to Matthew Dellavedova and everything a couple of take into consideration themselves point pads. Exum claimed they ended up being excited to learn underneath completely new Utah coach Quin Snyder, who had previously been an area shield with Challenge each other. A Jazz music furthermore determined The state of tennessee forwards Jarnell Stokes while using 35th go with Thursday night evening, next dealt out your pet towards the Memphis Grizzlies.
Memphis communicates this Punk a 2nd rounded select from the version to acquire Stokes, a new Six foot 7, single pound article gambler who seem to averaged One particular details plus Six rebounds for a jr. Schneider won last year s Belmar Chase. He led the Cavs with 16 points in their first preseason game last weekend against Maccabi Tel Aviv. Tamil and Muslim women are especially concerned for their safety and freedom, and yet have little course for redress since they fear reporting attacks against them to the authorities.
After realizing the two stories should co-exist, he threw out pages and began a single novel from scratch. Aceptable reasons for travel to the areas include providing aid, acting for the government or UN, or making bonafide visits to see family members. Journalists are also exempt. This piece measures 8 x 7 x 3 centimeters. A strong, shallow earthquake that shook southwestern China overnight killed at least one person, damaged buildings and prompted thousands to camp outside as aftershocks continued to strike the area, officials said on Wednesday.
The earthquake with a magnitude of at least 6. At least people were injured, eight of them seriously, the Yunnan provincial government said. The whole building was shaking terribly with a loud cracking sound. We all ran out and the streets now are packed with people, Li said. Xinhua said nearly 7, buildings were destroyed. The US Geological Survey said the earthquake measured magnitude 6. Its shallow focus was likely to cause greater damage, but there were no immediate reports of serious destruction. China s national earthquake monitoring agency gave the quake s magnitude as 6.
It said the quake was followed by eight aftershocks, the strongest of which registered magnitude 4. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang ordered an all-out effort to rescue quake victims, ensure the delivery of food, water and other supplies, and fix disruptions to transportation and communications. Gatting has absolutely no idea what happened to it.
He still doesn t know. The film has a handful of characters. It is a simple tale about a couple who are finding it difficult to adjust to each other and are on the brink of a divorce. Nandagopan and Lakshmi Gopalaswamy is his wife, Geeth. When the film begins, they are living separately, says Akku. Just one year later, Eric Betzig demonstrated, in collaboration with scientists working on excitable fluorescent proteins, that his idea held up in practice.
Among other things, the scientists coupled the glowing protein to the membrane enveloping the lysosome, the cell s recycling station. In a medium bowl, mix together the milk, beaten eggs, salt, pepper, red pepper flakes and cooled onions. All the expected natty James Bond devices were there: He explained that before their arrival, it would take him two days to sell the meat from one goat. Now he needs two goats to meet a day s demand. Her family allowed neighbours to use their generator to charge phones and other appliances. The answer is no. Will their behaviour improve because of this fear?
Will we have helped the HIV situation then? We shall have more people transmit HIV in ignorance of their status. Laws do little to change behaviour, instead it takes behaviour underground, she said. Your savings amount is dependent on windfalls. Vocalist Changanassery Madhavan Namboothiri, who is also responsible for the composition of pieces other than by Swati Tirunal, led the team of musicians.
Baty is the darkhorse of Big Sky quarterbacks. Baty came to the Aggies after throwing for 6, yards and 55 touchdowns in two seasons at City College of San Francisco. He could be a hidden gem for a team desperate for a QB. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Sluggish economic growth in richer countries like the U. He was treated for a fever, vomiting and abdominal pain — all symptoms of Ebola.
But he was sent home with antibiotics and was not screened for the virus. The victim was not of Dutch nationality, the foreign ministry said, but it did not specify where the victim was from. All next of kin have now been informed. Nearly every day, I give them bread to eat or some money.
Sometimes I even give them my old clothes. I do this because when I see them, it touches me, he said. But the talib , the marabouts, it s not normal. The state needs to eliminate it in our country. It is possible tobuild ahouse which uses virtually no fuel passive , relying onsuper insulation andheat recovery ventilation topped up byheat frominhabitants, electrical devices andpossibly awooden stove even inRussia, he added.
Such pilots have been constructed inNizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Sochi andMoscow Region andserve as demonstrations ofwhat can be done. There is huge potential forenergy savings inRussia inthe built environment. As fuel prices rise we expect tosee more andmore exciting new designs appear.
Adventurous gardeners may also try a cold frame, basically a raised bed with a covering of some sort, to extend their growing season. Leftover lettuce, kale, spinach or arugala seeds are perfect candidates for this type of trial. The predominantly Sunni IS group has violently seized a considerable stretch of territory in Iraq and Syria and targeted ethnic and religious minorities, forcing thousands to flee their homes. Both officials discussed ways to cooperate in fighting the IS along with other armed Islamist groups through mutual international and regional efforts, Atti added.
They also discussed recent developments in Iraq and the importance of the widespread participation of all Iraqis in a comprehensive political process, regardless of their regional or sectarian affiliations. The US official stressed the need of all international and regional efforts to prevent foreign fighters from joining the IS and to back the Iraqi central government so it can assume it duties. Washington launched an air bombardment campaign against the IS in Iraq, without ground force invasion, in August and last month expanded it to Syria with the participation of some Arab allies.
Egypt, hit by an extremist insurgency in the restive Sinai, has been facing security challenges on its borders following the ouster of Islamist president Mohamed Morsi by the army in July last year. The survey is conducted with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the agency that oversees offshore lease sales. Of course, plenty of students take on debt to get a degree. No one else was in the car and no other vehicles apparently were involved in the crash. That split, between a reformist wing and a hard-line wing, has not happened in China. He became the first case of the deadly virus diagnosed on American soil.
If you explain to employees that their honest opinion is important, they may be more inclined to give it. Consistently seeking out feedback can also help employees feel comfortable giving it. When someone does give you feedback, ask for specific examples to illustrate what they mean. This pushes people to be honest and gives you more useful information. To help you read between the lines when you re looking for feedback, ask more than one person the same questions so you can get different perspectives and pieces of the story. This in turn will result in a continuation of the poverty cycle.
He is your get-out-of-jail pass, so popular his phone number is up on the walls at Rikers Island. Food is not only necessary to maintain survival but also reflects society and culture. Co-pilots on both airlines earn roughly the same amount at the beginning of their careers, according to sources. The effects of undernutrition, the report notes, exacerbate the problems in social integration and increase or intensify poverty.
A vicious cycle is perpetuated as vulnerability to malnutrition grows. Great web site I discovered info pretty informative. I come here each of the time and they often deliver very good information! Rioja is the most noble interpretation, but further inland in regions such as Toro and Ribera del Duero it can produce brooding, almost brawny wines that are not for the faint-hearted. What they miss in elegance they more than make up for with rustic personality. AP — A Tewksbury man has been sentenced to up to 15 years in state prison for sexually abusing and raping a 9-year-old girl and threatening to cut off her pinky if she told anyone.
The attack was seen as ethnically driven, as it was blamed on armed Malink men backed by traditional hunters known as dozo who support Ouattara. The camp was home to mainly Gu r people who are Gbagbo sympathizers. Which means there will be more reads in the running game. Which means there will be more movement from the quarterback. This [situation] is tricky because people think they are buying Durex, which is good quality, said Erken. He told thecommission that he had proposed toMoscow thecreation of special subunits consisting ofDagestanis who will be involved with questions ofcountering terrorists andextremists.
Most cooperative members he spoke to said they used manure to fertilize their Moringa trees, but the dung is too strong, he said. It needs to be combined with dry branches — and, ideally, with phosphorous — to create a more effective compost. Instead, the man was diagnosed with a low-risk infection and sent home. He conditionally vetoed bills intended to overhaul the way the state issues firearms ID cards S , and to require state law enforcement agencies to report lost, stolen and discarded guns to federal databases A He was flown to a hospital after being pulled out of the truck.
I constantly needed to write on my website something like that. Can I take a fragment of your post to my blog? Howard got its first score in the 13th minute, as Chikhale set up for a free kick roughly 10 yards outside the box and fired it home into the right side of the net. The event is scheduled for all day Thursday. The unknown always exists. What the Foreign Minister said was as good as not coming. There are inadequate services that aim at providing psychosocial services for victims of rape and sexual violence, said Thaher. Six people related to the case were in the Madrid hospital as of late Wednesday, including two doctors and a male nurse admitted earlier in the day, Carlos III hospital said in a press release.
TheWest is also adark kingdom, andthings inRussia are complicated. In brief, people no longer have intheir consciousness this exact dichotomy andthe guidance it offers. Andas that has happened, they have been converted intoa silent majority. Chandler Jones returned a field goal he blocked for a touchdown right before halftime. Peterson was shelved for the game after a charge of child abuse was levied against him Friday in Texas. Because if you win, you win money for your town and that just makes it even better.
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It seems too complicated and very broad for me. Dell took its struggles private. Can an HP spinoff focused on personal computing thrive? They make London a bit more unusual, City worker said. The murder mystery was only the entry point into a bizarre world, one that was alternately drily witty and brutally violent. The show featured a one-armed man, a dancing dwarf, rumblings at the local lumber mill and a malevolent spirit named BOB.
The delay in relocating the pipeline, located at the centre of the road, has held back the contracting firm from commencing full-fledged piling at the work site. On 16 February Doron Baga, a fishing and farming village along Lake Chad, was burnt and several residents shot dead or drowned in a frantic bid to escape. Astronomers have discovered a black hole that is consuming gas from a nearby star 10 times faster than previously thought possible. The black hole known as P13 lies on the outskirts of the galaxy NGC about 12 million light years away from Earth and is ingesting a weight equivalent to billion hot dogs every minute.
Scientists first noticed P13 because it was a lot more luminous than other black holes, but it was initially assumed that it was simply bigger. According to astronomer Roberto Soria from the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research at the Curtin University in Perth, as gas falls towards a black hole, it gets very hot and bright. When Soria and his colleagues from the University of Strasbourg measured the mass of P13, they found it was actually on the small side, despite being at least a million times brighter than the Sun.
It was only then that they realised just how much material it was consuming. P13 rotates around a super giant star 20 times heavier than our own Sun. Soria compared P13 to small, Japanese eating champion Takeru Kobayashi. The discovery was published in the journal Nature. It is very gratifying. It s not different. It s not something new.
With no apology and no guarantee of ensuring similar behaviour does not occur again, I believe that racist and sexist behaviour will continue. He said that it just happens in a game and one has to accept it and move on. That leaves seven competitive Senate races where Democrats are playing defense: Democrats are feeling cautiously bullish about exactly two of these races, Sen. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use. WYFF News 4 offers readers the ability to comment on stories with the understanding that these comments may be reprinted elsewhere on the site or used on WYFF News 4 newscasts.
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Some experts have said the sale and abuse of prescription painkillers in the last decade have been a contributing factor. This person could be a cousin, neighbor, good friend or someone from their faith community. Elections, Princeton Borough, District 1. He added three Arab countries are unhappy with what Al-Zaidi did and if he visits any of these countries, he will be arrested.
The Cairo-based Baghdadiya Satellite TV channel, where Al-Zaidi works, has offered to send him to Greece for physical and psychological treatment and I have no clue why the channel has chosen Greece in particular. It may be an exile. However, we wish a speedy recovery and a good stay in Greece for Al-Zaidi. We hope he will not be in hurry to accept the offers of the beautiful ladies.
I also hope he will not use his shoes to express his dislikes in Greece. Do not send this person money for any reason or meet him in public. For families with one or two well-behaved children. I was recommended this web site by my cousin. Knife was in your September. Slipper nor adornment done as often as needed overseas everywhere in the Tuesday.
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And to those who participated passively into this. Footwear and apparel makers, along with the retailers they supply, struggled during the recession as consumers curbed spending as job losses mounted. Earnings reports are showing that while results are improving, they are not yet back to pre recession levels. However, Nike said in a statement that future delivery orders from China for the next quarter are strong. This page is best viewed in an up to date web browser with style sheets CSS enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience.
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Daren Wendell is taking ultra-marathon runner to a whole new level. This national campaign of running from coast to coast in days, has a flash mob marathon twist. Run Daren Run has never been about looking at me run across the country. Wendell has seen this crisis first-hand in his five trips to Africa. I mean there are free clinics over there that are giving people their malaria medicine, and then giving them dirty water to drink it with.
Wendell will be burning about 7, calories a day, and go through a new pair of running shoes every miles. He says the only way he would stop is if he gets injured. Rice was released earlier that day by the Ravens. Triangle Top 12 Poll1. Southern Durham 4 48 1 2. Wake Forest 44 2 3. Middle Creek 40 3 T4. Millbrook 34 5 T4. Garner 34 4 6. Cleveland 25 T8 7. Orange 23 T8 8. Lee County 22 7 9. East Wake 14 6 Heritage 10 11 Green Hope 7 12 Dacosta is Quique Dacosta, another avant-garde Spanish chef, known, the article says, for his edible landscapes.
The surprise choice is directed by veteran French helmer Philippe Muyl. It will allow everyone to breathe again, and then we can move on to the other things. As aresult, theKuban andTerek neo-Cossacks began to play therole ofa certain counterweight tothe ethnocracies being formed there. This aspect has become an obstacle in the future and ambition of Yemeni youths. But we are still waiting to see if this actually has an effect There are different systems in different parts of Somalia but across the board access to justice is still too limited.
However, government plans, including the zero-VAT plan, are likely to drag the numbers downward. Contactors are not launching new projects, and are not promoting new deals, in anticipation of the implementation of the plan, causing the expected number of housing starts and building permits in the second half of to be lower than in the first half.
The wave of housing tenders rejected by the Israel Land Authority in recent months can also be added to the list of contributing factors as well. Another , people die every year from secondhand smoke exposure, according to the World Health Organization. The historic rivalry between the two states will take on even more meaning now, as every Thanksgiving weekend the Battle Line will be drawn on the gridiron.
Much work needs to be done. This is the year to do it. Another great plant to include in autumn and winter pots is the Skimmia japonica subsp. Place in a large porcelain bowl: Let it rest a moment and then mix together. Allow to sit for 10 or 15 minutes covered in a warm place in the kitchen so yeast can begin to become active. The NLRB ruled in that teaching assistants at New York University are employees entitled to collective bargaining, but reversed its decision in I think that this is quite appropriate. The goal of Congress was to protect whistleblowers, and he clearly was a whistleblower.
Came on strong at the end of season, including a September shutout of San Diego. The car is under warranty; the TV can be returned. Nancy to violating the quarantine she and a news crew were under after exposure in. She suggests getting the diet under control and then talking with a doctor.
The Suffragettes were hustled by the crown which quickly gathered, and one was indebted to the police for her safety. In several instances the interrupters had to be removed by force. There have also been reports of children from an earlier era glimpsed playing at night in the area and the sounds and smells of funeral services are often detected. Sources close to the Beckham family revealed to the Telegraph that both father and son were fine, but shaken up after the air bags were deployed. Witnesses on the scene have been tweeting about the accident, with one revealing tat David appeared to be holding his shoulder after the crash, but this news has not yet been confirmed.
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Sophomore Connor Weas had similar success from the corner to make it a game with 1 minute left in the quarter. DiNicolantonio cites compelling evidence that consuming the right kinds of fatty fish, in the right quantity, and prepared properly, can in fact help to prevent the development of adenocarcinomas by the body.
Adenocarcinomas are a verycommon type of cancerous tumor. Adenocarcinomas make up a high proportion of the cancers arising in the breast, prostate, colon, prostate, and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. According to the police, he was kidnapped by people suspected to have been radical Muslim youths in the Ngomeni area, who had chopped off his head and dumped his body in the Indian Ocean. Rufai is said to have been working as a double agent — i. Al-Shabab accused him of betrayal for giving information to local and international security agencies.
The Chargers have seven players who are averaging 20 minutes or more per contest, and while four of those players are returning upperclassmen, the team is also relying on its freshman class heavily as Caroline Dodd Jacquelyn Thompson is leading the team with 14 points per contest. UAH and Montevallo have met 60 times with the Chargers holding a edge in the all-time series.
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Matilda was inducted into the now-defunct in One day Captain Palliser received a letter from Mr. Osbaldiston, member for the Borough of Scarborough, in which the latter said that " several of his neighbours had begged him to write recommending young Cook.
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They had learnt that Captain Palliser had recognised the good conduct of their fellow-citizen, and they were anxious that the Member for Scarborough should, with the Captain's sanction, work for the advancement of Cook. Shottowe of Great Ayton and Mr. Walker of Whitby, who wished to assist by every means in his power the sailor who had served him so 1 Cook's appointment as " mate " and subsequently " master " may require a word of explanation.
At this time His Majesty's ships carried, in addition to the Captain and Lieutenants, a Master, or Sailing Master, and one or more Mates, who were frequently drawn, as in Cook's case, from the Merchant Service. Their function was primarily navigation, seamanship and pilotage, as apart from that of fighting, controlled by the Captain and Lieutenants. This system was a survival from the days when no fighting ships as such existed, a navy being improvised in time of war by placing fighting men on merchant ships.
He added, however, " that he had as yet been too short a time in the Service to secure an officer's post at present, and that it would be better for him to secure him a master's warrant, because, in that capacity, he would be better able to display his capabilities and to prove that he deserved the full confidence of his superiors. Louisberg, although already half dismantled, resisted for two months the bombardment of forty-two English ships commanded by Admiral Boscawen, and surrendered on July 25 th, But the war continued without respite.
A general of thirty-two, Wolfe, conceived the bold project of pushing straight on to Quebec, by the St. Lawrence, and so take Montcalm by surprise there. The British Government placed at Wolfe's disposal the powerful squadron commanded by Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, to which was attached a ship of the line, in which James Cook had just been appointed master.
The siege of Quebec began. But, before proceeding further up the St. Admiral Saunders' object was to place his vessels before the hostile batteries in order to bombard them and mask Wolfe's army, which was to take the position by surprise. A man of courage and great skill was required to take these soundings. The Admiral made inquiries, and Captain Palliser strongly recommended to him the young James Cook, whose intelligence and courage had come under his notice in the Eagle. James Cook was told off for this duty, as important as it was delicate. Unable to carry out the enterprise by day, Cook set off by night in a small boat to accomplish the mission with which he had been entrusted.
For seven nights he surveyed the river with remarkable exactitude. But the French observed him, and sent after him several boats, chiefly manned by Indians. Cook made off, and by dint of hard rowing succeeded in reaching the shore of the lie d'Orleans, where some English troops were stationed. At the very moment that he leapt ashore, several Indians leapt into the stern of his boat.
He made his escape, but the boat was carried off in triumph by the Indians, elated with their victory. Some days later, James Cook, who in the little school at Great Ayton, which he had left at the age of twelve, had not even had the chance of learning the elements of drawing, laid before the Admiral a chart of that part of the river which he had been ordered to survey, traced by his own hand. Cook brought to this second task the same intelligence which he had exhibited on the first, and when he had completed it the chart of the St.
Lawrence was published with all instructions necessary for vessels to navigate the waters of the great river without danger. So great was the accuracy of Cook's work that even now his chart is in use among Canadian pilots, and serves as the model for the hydrographical surveys of the district.
All the commanders warmly congratulated this young sailor, who had displayed such remarkable abilities on all the missions with which he had been entrusted. At the end of September of this same year, , James Cook was appointed master to the Northumberland, a first-rater, commanded by Captain Lord Colville, Commodore of a squadron on the American station.
They wintered in this port, and Cook, whose ambition was growing, proceeded to acquire the knowledge which would enable him one day to wear the uniform of a lieutenant or captain. The master acted as had the little Whitby cabin-boy. He studied with avidity.
But his attention was no longer concentrated upon elementary treatises on arithmetic or geography. During the long winter evenings he pored over Euclid and learned astronomical works. The British fleet then lay for some time in Placentia Bay, in order to fortify the harbour. Cook was entrusted with the duty of drawing the plan of the harbour and the heights commanding it. This he did with his usual skill, and elicited the notice and esteem of Captain Graves, commanding the Antelope, and Governor of Newfoundland.
On October 24th, , the Northumberland returned to Spithead, England's great naval base. James Cook received his discharge. Some weeks later he learnt of a letter which Lord Colville, the Northumberland's captain, had written to the Secretary of the Admiralty, in which he spoke of his master's " genius and capacity. Life, sternly begun and sternly continued, now smiled upon him. He was thirty-four, over six feet tall, spare and muscular. The face of the child journeying over the Yorkshire moorland had acquired in the man an expression of surprising determination and energy.
His forehead was wide, his eyebrows were bushy, his eye was piercing and commanding. This personality made the conquest of a charming girl of the middle classes, Elizabeth Batts, whose parents lived in Essex, a few miles east of London. Elizabeth was rosy and fair, as English girls can be. A month after the return of the Northumberland, on December 21st, , the bells of St. A short time afterwards they installed themselves in a comfortable little house in the East of London. But the joys of a prolonged honeymoon are not for sailors. The sea, that exacting mistress, claims them, and, four months after his marriage, James Cook embarked for Newfoundland.
After the Treaty of Paris," the baptism of England's world-power," had been signed on February 10th, , Captain Graves, Governor of Newfoundland, then in London, asked for a commission to map out the coast. Having observed in the preceding year the remarkable ability which James Cook had displayed in drawing up the chart of the bay of Pla- centia, he asked him for his assistance. Cook accepted without hesitation, and in April he sailed with the Governor in the capacity of surveyor. At first he was employed in mapping the islands of St.
Pierre and Miquelon, which remained to France. Captain Graves would not allow M. At the end of the autumn Cook returned to England. James Cook therefore embarked at the beginning of with the title of Naval Engineer for Newfoundland and Labrador. He continued the work which he had begun the previous year, and with perfect accuracy compiled the chart of the coasts of Newfoundland.
He even explored the interior of the island, discovering several lakes. In , an eclipse of the sun taking place, Cook wrote a monograph on the subject which was communicated to the Royal Society of London by the learned Dr. Bevis, who gave full credit to the mathematical and astronomical knowledge of the surveyor of Newfoundland.
For three years Cook performed his duties with his customary zeal and skill. Each winter he returned to England and the fair Elizabeth, who had presented him with three children. In the autumn of , having finished his work, he returned to enjoy a few months rest in his house in Mile End Road.
His reputation had spread, and he was considered at the Admiralty one of the most expert navigators in the British Navy. It was this deserved fame which was to point him out as the man to carry his country's flag into unknown seas. Having landed with a few men on the eastern coast of the isthmus of Panama, he penetrated into the interior. At the top of a hill stood a gigantic tree. Drake mounted the hill and climbed to the top of the tree. From this vantage point he saw, in a haze of light, the scintillating waters of two oceans: For a century and a half after his time few English navigators ventured into the Pacific.
There were certainly Cavendish, who carried off the enormous galleon, laden with gold; Dampier, who in discovered between New Britain and New Guinea the strait which bears his name; John Cook, and a few others who find place in the history of corsairs rather than of navigators. The Spaniards, to whom Magellan had shown the way in , considered the great ocean as their own property. They made discovery after discovery, and it seemed that Spain was destined to remain for ever Mistress of the Pacific. However, in the seventeenth century, the Dutch, whose naval power had reached formidable dimensions, began to explore the new ocean.
The Dutch empire spread, while the sun of Spain declined. Between and , three Englishmen, Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis and Captain Carteret, added to the chart of the Pacific by their discoveries of the Society Islands, the Queen Charlotte group, and of several lesser archipelagoes. In the intrepid Bougainville, who had been Montcalm's lieutenant in Canada, left France in the frigate La Boudeuse, and, having remained for some time on the coast of Brazil and in the Falkland Islands, entered the Pacific through the Straits of Magellan in January He called at Batavia and arrived in France in March As the Dutch had put a spoke in the Spanish wheel, so French and English were about to put a stop to Dutch expansion in the Pacific.
It was set forth in this memorial that the transit of Venus across the sun's disc, which was to take place in , could advantageously be observed in the Southern Seas, either in the Marquesas, or on one of the islands which Tasman had named Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Middelburg. His Majesty was petitioned to " equip, at the nation's expense, a vessel to carry the astronomers who were going to observe the transit of Venus upon one of the islands of the South Seas. Stephens, the Secretary of the Admiralty, informed the Royal Society that they had only to nominate the observers who were to embark.
An eminent hydrogra- pher, Mr. The latter was a learned astronomer who, in , had been appointed to the command of the Paramour and left for the South Seas in this ship in order to carry out researches upon longitudes and the variations of the compass. His crew had mutinied and refused to obey their astronomer-captain. Owing to this, the expedition did not accomplish all that it might have done. Sir Edward Hawke, who was at the head of the Admiralty, basing himself upon Dr.
Halley's experiences, refused Mr.
He declared that his conscience would never allow him to entrust one of the King's ships to a man who was not a sailor. Since the hydrographer insisted, the Minister swore that he would sooner have his right hand cut off than sign such a commission. Dalrymple replied that he was determined to gain his point, and that he would gain it. Things had reached this pitch, and threatened to remain there, when the Secretary, Mr. Stephens, suggested, with manifest common sense, that since Sir Edward Hawke and Mr.
Dalrymple were equally resolute, it would be necessary to choose another leader for the projected expedition. He added that he knew Mr. Cook, and that since Mr. Cook had been a master in the King's service and engineer-geographer of Newfoundland, he believed him to be a fit person to satisfy the desires of the Royal Society and of the Admiralty. Stephens' words, being words of wisdom, were heeded by the learned Society during the discussions in which had been felt the unwonted breath of mundane tempests.
Sir Hugh Palliser, upon being consulted, supported with all his influence the recommendation of Mr. Stephens, and declared that he was well aware of the skill and worth of Mr. Dalrymple to the command of the expedition entrusted with the observation in the South Seas of the transit of Venus across the sun's disc. As soon as he was informed of his appointment, Cook began his search for a ship fit to undertake the long and perilous journey of which the responsibility would hereafter be his.
Accompanied by Sir Hugh Palliser, he visited several ships which happened to be at anchor in the Thames. The choice of both fell upon a solidly-built craft of tons, engaged in the coal trade and built at Whitby. While the Endeavour was fitting out, Captain Wallis returned in his ship the Dolphin from his voyage round the world.
The latter declared on his return that he had discovered an island, which he had named George Island, and that he was certain that a harbour in this island would be suitable for the astronomical observations contemplated by the Royal Society. It was thereupon decided that the island, called by its inhabitants Tahiti or Otahiti, should be the first objective of the scientific expedition. The organisation proceeded rapidly. Cook signed on a complement of eighty-five men, consisting, besides the officers, of a surgeon, carpenter and other tradesmen, forty-one experienced seamen, twelve marines, and nine servants.
The vessel was victualled for eighteen months, and was armed with ten carro- nades and twelve swivel-guns, with the necessary ammunition and stores. The scientists who were to sail in the Endeavour were as follows. Charles Green, an eminent astronomer, Joseph Banks, a very young and very rich scientist who had already made a considerable name for himself as a botanist, and Dr. Solander, a disciple of Linnaeus, the famous Swedish naturalist, and a naturalist himself.
Banks brought with him an assistant, three draughtsmen, and four servants, two white and two coloured. On May 25 th Cook received his commission as lieutenant, and on the 27th he hoisted the English ensign on the Endeavour at Deptford, on the Thames. On August 24th everyone was on board, and two days later, on August 26th, , the Endeavour, under the command of a man of genius, and with all sail set, put out on her great adventure.
An unfortunate accident occurred during the night. While raising an anchor, the mate was flung into the sea by the cable and drawn down by the anchor. It was only possible to recover his dead body. The sea had already claimed its first victim. Cook remained at Funchal no longer than five days, during which he, his officers and the distin- 3 guished passengers on board the Endeavour were warmly received by the English consul and the English colony in the town.
Solander began collecting plants. Cook and his scientific followers visited the environs of Funchal and were welcomed with great politeness in a Franciscan convent, the monks inviting them to return on the morrow to enjoy a roast turkey. But time pressed, and the invitation could not be accepted. The Englishmen also visited a community of nuns, j who, having heard that very learned men were of their company, bombarded them with extravagant questions. The devoted ladies, who upon entering religion had omitted to take a vow of silence, let loose a torrent of foolish questions upon their complacent visitors.
Before putting to sea, Cook took on board a large quantity of fresh water, fresh beef, wine and fruit. He deferred as long as he could the consumption by his crew of salt meat, which was one of the causes of scurvy, that slow illness of the blood which is the scourge of seamen. Cook fought this complaint, which he was able to conquer definitely after his second voyage, more resolutely than any doctor. Watching with an anxious care over the health of the crew, he ordered, while at Funchal, twelve lashes apiece to two men who had refused to eat their ration of fresh meat.
The Endeavour pursued her way down the Atlantic without any striking incident. The equator was crossed with the usual ceremonies. The naturalists captured strange fish and killed curious birds. One night they were favoured with the marvellous spectacle of a phosphorescent sea, and, having cast a net overboard, they collected an unknown specimen of medusa, and came to the conclusion that the phenomenon, till then unexplained, was produced by these creatures.
On November 13 th Cook anchored in Rio de Janeiro, where his relations with the Viceroy were only superficially cordial. He was without intelligence or education. When the endeavour was made to make him understand that the Englishmen had been sent to the South Seas to observe the transit of Venus, all that he could gather was that the North Star was about to journey to the South Pole. Having provided himself with the necessary stores, which were far inferior to those shipped at Funchal, the beef being dry and the water bad, Cook weighed anchor on December 5 th.
While he was leaving the bay, when the Endeavour was opposite the fort of Santa Cruz, two shots were fired at her. Cook sent immediately to demand the reason of this. The reply was that the commandant of the fort had not been warned by the Viceroy of the departure of the vessel. The Viceroy, when the incident was repeated to him, declared that he had written the permit for departure several days before, but had forgotten to issue it. Two days later, on December 7th, the Endeavour was at last enabled to leave these inhospitable waters, and to set a course for Tierra del Fuego.
Christmas was celebrated on board by abundant and repeated libations. The greater part of the crew participated in these rejoicings for the Nativity, experiencing an elation to which rum was no stranger, and Mr. Cook preferred to use this passage, and subsequently to double Cape Horn, rather than to venture upon the Straits of Magellan, which Bougainville and Captain Wallis had taken three months to traverse. His seamanship was justified, for it took him no more than thirty-three days to sail round Tierra del Fuego.
He determined the latitude and longitude of the places which he passed with the most rigorous accuracy, the charts having been till then extremely vague upon these points. As soon as the Endeavour had entered Lemaire Strait, she met with a terribly heavy sea. Cook explored the Strait for some harbour where he could procure wood and water, and, Banks and Solander being anxious to land, he sent them and their people ashore in a boat.
They stayed there four hours and came back with a plentiful harvest of plants and flowers. With an English sailor's peculiar humour, Cook recorded in his journal: Their whole value lies in this fact. These presents having gained the confidence of the black men, three of them went on board the ship, where they ate a little beef and bread, but spat out in disgust the wine and brandy which they were offered.
They regarded everything with bored and indifferent eyes. On January 16th, Banks and Solander, accompanied by Green the astronomer, Monkhouse the surgeon, Buchan the draughtsman, two sailors and Banks' two black servants, left early in the morning to study the flora of the country, and to climb a mountain which they could see a short distance away.
In the course of their expedition they were overtaken by intense cold, surprising for the time of year, which corresponds, in these parts, to the European summer. Buchan was seized with an epileptic fit, and the party was obliged to halt, since it was impossible for the unhappy man to drag himself any further.
A fire was lighted, and the more exhausted members were left with the sick man, who shortly recovered. The scientists and the surgeon continued on their way. Snow began to fall and night came on. It was impossible to return on board to sleep. The cold became keener and keener. Irresistible numbness overtook each of them. Solander warned his companions: He stretched himself on the ground and fell asleep for several minutes. When awakened by his friend Banks, he had almost lost the use of his limbs and his muscles were so contracted that his shoes fell off his feet. At last they were able to resume their march.
The two black servants who had lagged behind, and who had drunk freely of the rum which had been put in their charge, also fell into a profound sleep. It was impossible to rouse them, and there was nothing for it but to leave them to die in the snow. The next morning the sky cleared, and after an eight hours march the members of the unlucky expedition arrived at the shore. The naturalists, in spite of everything, had been able to make some interesting observations and to collect a large number of flowers.
Banks also brought back some celery and cress, antiscorbutic plants which were added to the dietary on board. The Endeavour remained at anchor in Success Bay until January 22nd. During this time Banks and Solander continued to satisfy their scientific curiosity.
They met two natives, who led them to a small vMage set on a barren hill. The inhabitants of this village formed a little tribe of people of both sexes and all ages. They were of the colour of " iron rust mixed with oil. The height of the women did not exceed five feet, and their faces were painted with red and black horizontal stripes. Their huts, built of grass and branches, were a sorry sight, and were hardly capable of sheltering their inmates from the inclemency of the weather. A little grass scattered on the floor served as seats and beds.
The sole food of the Fuegans seemed to be shell-fish. The only things about them which showed signs of industry were weapons, which consisted of fairly well-made bows and arrows of polished wood, with flint heads, barbed, carved and fitted with great skill. On January 27th the Endeavour doubled Cape Horn and entered the Pacific, steering at first towards the south.
During the following month's sailing, Cook, observing the complete absence of currents, arrived at the conclusion that, because currents are always found in the vicinity of a coast-line, the great " Austral Continent" which was imagined to exist round the Pole, being supposed to maintain the balance of the earth, was merely a myth. Cook's deduction was correct, and he was to confirm its accuracy in the course of his second voyage. Having set sail towards the north-west, Cook came across several islands which had nearly all been discovered two years previously by Bougainville. Banks killed several albatrosses, for swarms of these birds flew round the ship.
He also found floating on the surface of the water the body of a queer fish which had been torn by the birds, and which he classified as a cuttle-fish. Of this fish was made a soup which Banks declared to be T one of the best which he had ever tasted in his life. Land was sighted on April 10th. It was Tahiti, the island which Captain Wallis had called George III Island, and which had been mentioned to the Royal Society as being favourable for their intended astronomical observations. Three days later, on the 13th, the Endeavour anchored in Matavai Bay.
The first objective of the voyage had been reached. The Tahitians were friendly. They brought coconuts, bread-fruit, the cooked white flesh of which has the consistency of bread, and small fish. They received a few glass beads in exchange. They even offered a pig which they wanted to exchange for an axe. In order not to create a precedent which might prejudice future transactions, this exchange was not accepted. As the expedition was to remain on the island for some time, it was essential that its relations with the inhabitants should be friendly, and that the system of barter should be regularised.
With a complete understanding of the situation, Cook laid down the following rules for the party: Every legitimate means was to be taken to maintain friendly relations with the natives, and they were to be treated with every possible kindness. One or two persons were to be named to purchase provisions, fruit, etc. All those employed on shore, whatever their duties, were to obey strictly the orders they might receive. If they were to lose by neglect, or by their being stolen, any weapons or tools, the value of such would be deducted from their pay, according to naval regulations, and the offender would be punished, according to the merits of the case.
The same penalty would be inflicted upon any one who should be convicted of having taken from the ship any stores whatever for purposes of barter. No iron of any kind, hardware, clothing or other necessaries were to be exchanged except for provisions. Cook, who was a disciplinarian, acted always with the greatest severity towards those who disobeyed his orders.
When the captain of the Endeavour landed for the first time, in company with Banks, Solander and a party of armed men, several hundred Tahitians made the strangers understand, by their demeanour, that they were welcome. They held in their hands green branches, the universal symbol of peace. Several members of the crew of the Endeavour, among whom was the second lieutenant, Gore, had participated in Wallis' expedition, and had recognised an old native, called Owah, who had rendered great services to Wallis.
Having arrived at their destination, the natives halted and proceeded to lay the ground bare by tearing up the herbage; then the chief men among them threw down the green branches which they carried, inviting the strangers by signs to follow their example. In order to endow the ceremony with greater solemnity, Cook drew up in line his armed men, and ordered them to place their boughs on those of the Indians.
Then he and the two naturalists did the same. On the next day several canoes approached the Endeavour, and two Indians of high rank came on board. One of them made Banks understand that he took him as his friend, the other selected Cook. To ratify this pact of friendship they stripped off the greater part of their clothes and dressed their new friends in them, in return for which they were each given an axe and some beads. After this ceremony Cook, the naturalists, the officers and the two Indians went ashore, and were taken to a long hut belonging to the chief, Tootahah.
He, having had mats laid out, made his guests sit down, and offered Cook and Banks a cock and a hen, [44] TAHITI together with a piece of scented cloth. Banks presented the generous native with a silk cravat ornamented with lace and a pocket handkerchief. Too- tahah adorned himself with these elegant objects with an expression of great delight. After this visit several pretty and smiling women took the strangers into several large huts which, in common with most of the dwellings of this part, were built under trees, and consisted merely of a few posts supporting the roof.
The sociable Tahitian ladies seemed delighted with the newcomers, to whom they showed every politeness. One delightful thing about them was that they wore their hair short, cut round the ears. As though to maintain the hirsute balance of the country, the men allowed theirs to grow. The Englishmen met later a large number of islanders who owned allegiance to another chief, called Toubourai Tamaide. The ceremony of the green branches was re-enacted, and, the peace treaty having been ratified, the Indian made the strangers understand that he wished to offer them a meal.
The latter accepted, and a picturesque banquet took place, during which fish, bread-fruit, coconuts and the fruit of the plane tree were served in the Tahitian fashion. During this feast Dr. Solander suddenly discovered that a shagreen case containing a small pair of glasses had been taken from him. At the same moment Monkhouse, the ship's surgeon, discovered the loss of his precious snuff-box.
The latter offered some cloth in exchange, but Banks, who had already secured considerable influence over the natives, refused, and insisted that the stolen objects should be returned. Toubourai Tamaide went away in haste, to return a few minutes later with a triumphant expression on his face and the snuff-box and the shagreen case in his hand. But, alas, the latter was empty. A look of consternation appeared on the face of the chief, who went out, accompanied by Banks, Solander and Monkhouse. He led them into a hut, where they were received by a woman, to whom the Indian gave a piece of cloth and the English a few beads.
The woman departed, to return later with the glasses. Toubourai Tamaide gave the beads back to Banks, and forced Solander to accept the cloth as reparation for the wrong which had been done him. This was the Tahitians' first theft. It was not to be the last. One of the first matters which Cook took in hand was to choose a spot, protected by the guns of the Endeavour, where he could establish a sort of fort in which the instruments necessary for the astronomical observations could be kept in safety.
He soon found a suitable place, far enough from the native huts, and the construction of the fort began. Tents were pitched, and were immediately guarded by thirteen marines under an officer. However, one of the natives, displaying an amazing cunning, stole the musket of one of the sentries. Seeing that the robber did not fall, the officer pursued him and laid him out dead.
Cook severely reprimanded him for the lack of humanity of which he had been guilty, and did his utmost to dissipate the cloud which this incident had raised between the English and the natives. He succeeded, as it happened, without much difficulty. Four days after the arrival of the Endeavour, the painter Buchan, who had had an epileptic fit at Tierra del Fuego, had a second seizure, which proved fatal.
His body was committed to the sea. It was not thought wise to bury him on shore, for fear lest the funeral rites should wound the superstitions of the natives. The latter had carried into the woods the corpse of the robber who had been killed by the marines. They had wrapped it in a piece of cloth and placed it on a wooden frame supported on posts and covered with a roof.
Near him were placed his weapons, fresh water, and some fruit. Thus the Tahitians disposed of their dead. Relations between the English and the natives remained cordial, in spite of the numerous thefts which the latter carried out with surprising skill. Cook, however, insisted that scrupulous honesty should be observed by his men, and did not hesitate to enforce this by severe examples. One day the ship's butcher had tried to trade with one of Toubourai Tamaide's women.
He offered her a nail, demanding in exchange a small stone hatchet. Cook waited until Toubourai Tamaide, his women and several other Indians were on board before punishing the guilty man, who was stripped, tied to the mast and soundly flogged. At the first blow the natives implored Cook to pardon him, and when he refused, they burst into tears. Usually barter took place without any trouble. Bread-fruit, coconuts, fowls and pigs were exchanged for cloth, beads, nails and above all axes, for which the Tahitians showed a special predilection. Often the chiefs presented food. One day one of them offered Cook an edible dog.
After some hesitation the beast was roasted and every one partook of it. Cook compared the flesh to that of English lamb. The English were invited to several native entertainments. Tootahah got up a concert for them, at which four musicians played upon two-holed flutes, into which they blew, not with their mouths, but with their nostrils. Four singers joined their voices to the sound of these instruments, and Cook, who apparently was not a music lover, recorded in his Journal that he was delighted—when the concert came to an end. Tootahah also invited the strangers to a mimic battle, varied by dances arid choruses.
The islanders did not, in these exercises, reveal themselves as remarkable athletes, but in other circumstances they proved that they were marvellous swimmers. Several Tahitians of note went on board the [48] Endeavour, where a woman of great distinction, Obeara, who was queen of the island at the time of Captain Wallis' visit, was also entertained. In the course of these visits peaceful rituals took place, and the usual marks of friendship were exchanged. Unhappily, thefts frequently marred the serenity of Cook's relations with the natives.
When the fort was finished, all the astronomical instruments, among them the great quadrant, an instrument of considerable weight used in observing the altitude and angular distance of the stars, were brought ashore. Although the quadrant had been deposited in a tent, before which a sentry had been stationed all night, it was found to have vanished by the following morning.
This loss was overwhelming, for no astronomical observation was possible without the instrument. Green and Banks, accompanied by Toubourai Tamaide, left on an expedition with the object of recovering it. After a long journey, they met a native holding part of the quadrant in his hand. Banks, presenting his pistol, rounded up the Indians who had come to the spot, and, drawing a circle on the ground, he made signs to them to deposit within the circle the rest of the instrument which they had stolen.
They obeyed, and, piece by piece, the quadrant was reconstructed. On another occasion Cook, Banks, Solander and three other Englishmen had gone to visit Tootahah to get from him some pigs which he had promised them, and could not regain the fort that same evening.
When he woke up, Banks discovered that his coat, waistcoat, pistol and powder-flask had been spirited away. His breeches alone remained to him. Dressed in this article of clothing alone, he went on shore, where he met, walking about with bare legs, Cook, who informed him that his stockings had been stolen, although he had taken the precaution of putting them under his head while he slept.
The rest of the party had lost their outer clothes. In spite of a vigorous search the clothes were never found, and Banks was compelled to enter the fort in a Tahitian dress. In order to put an end to these continued thefts, Cook seized about twenty canoes laden with fish, and warned the natives that he would not give them up until all the articles which had disappeared since the arrival of the Endeavour had been returned.
Very few were surrendered, and as the fish was beginning to spoil, Cook allowed the islanders to come and fetch it. These, fresh from their lesson in the laws pertaining to other people's property, removed a quantity offish which did not belong to them. At last, to avoid trouble, Cook in despair gave up the canoes. The observation of the transit of Venus duly took place on June 3rd 9 a. Before leaving Tahiti, Cook was anxious to circumnavigate the island, and, accompanied by Banks, he set out in a boat on this dangerous expedition, in [ 50] TAHITI which they frequently ran the risk of damaging their frail craft on the rocks.
The two travellers explored several unknown districts, made the acquaintance of the chiefs who ruled them, and achieved several interesting discoveries. But the time of their departure was approaching. Preparations for this were proceeding normally, when a serious incident occurred which might have ended for good and all the friendly relations between the English and the islanders. On the night of July 8th- 9th, two young marines ran away from the fort.
Cook, having sought among the natives for the reason of this desertion, learned that his men, having fallen in love with two fair Tahitian damsels, had decided to marry them and to take up their residence on the island with their wives. Cook, determined to recover the men at any price, kept Toubourai Tamaide, his wife Tomio, the former queen Obeara and several other chiefs prisoners in the fort. He told his captives that they would not regain their liberty till his men had been found.
An expedition was formed, and after many adventures the two young Englishmen, who had preferred the dusky island brides to the blondes of their own country, were delivered into Cook's hands. July 13th had been fixed as the day of departure. At dawn a crowd of Tahitians boarded the Endeavour.
One of them, Tupia, who had been Obeara's Prime Minister, and was now high priest of the island, begged Cook to take him and a young servant of thirteen with him. At eleven o'clock in the morning the anchor was weighed, and as soon as the vessel was under sail the Tahitians bade farewell to the English. They were depressed and wept silently. For their part, the Englishmen watched, with a tightening of the heartstrings, the disappearance below the horizon of this marvellous island, a bouquet of luxuriant verdure expanding like a smile upon the blue waters of the Pacific.
He gave the name of the Society Islands to the group. He hoisted the English flag on the island of Ulietea, and in the name of His Britannic Majesty took formal possession of this island and of the islands of Huaheine, Otaka and Bolabola, which could be seen from where he was. The relations of Cook with these fresh islanders were on the whole excellent, although they exhibited the same tendency to theft as had the Tahitians. Barter took place, and the Endeavour was plentifully supplied with native provisions. Several Indians came on board, and the ship was honoured by a visit from the King of Huaheine and his wife.
This potentate, whose name was Orea, proposed to Cook that he should, in token of friendship, exchange names with him. Cook agreed, and whenever they were together Orea was called Cookee " and Cook " Orea. Opooni, the King of Bolabola, presented the English with a quantity of fruit, but the next day he sent three pretty girls on board the Endeavour, with instructions to demand something in return for the presents he had made.
Cook and his staff paid him a visit, and Opooni, " a feeble and decrepit old man," offered them a pig. On August 9th Cook left the Society Islands and set sail for the south. Four days later he sighted an island, which Tupia told him was called Ohetiroa Rurutu. He sent a boat ashore, in which were Gore, Banks, and Tupia, who had been invaluable since the departure from Tahiti. The islanders immediately assumed a hostile attitude, attempting to prevent the landing, and uttering formidable war cries. A seaman fired at one of them and wounded him in the head, which did not facilitate an understanding.
The boat having rowed round the island without finding a convenient bay in which the Endeavour could anchor, Cook thought it prudent to [ 54 1! He resumed his way southward, in order to reach, if possible, that famous continent which the charts called by the name of Terra Australis Incognita. On August 26th the anniversary of the departure from England was celebrated on board by the production, from a drawer where it had been carefully preserved for this occasion, of a Cheshire cheese.
At the same time a barrel of capital dark beer was tapped. Four days later a seaman died of congestion, after having consumed half a bottle of rum. For seven weeks the adventurers had no other horizon than the great stretch of sea; but at last, on October 7th, high land was sighted. They could make out a chain of lofty mountains. What land was this? Most of the officers declared that it was the great southern continent Terra Australis Incognita.
Cook was soon to prove that the continent was made up of two islands, which he annexed for his country. For the first time New Zealand had been approached from the east. Tasman had discovered the western coast in , but, in the face of the savage hostility of the natives, who had killed four of his men, he had never set foot on shore. Cook let go his anchor on October 8th, in a bay on the north-east coast, afterwards to be known as Poverty Bay, situated at the mouth of a little river.
Some natives, dressed in cloth, with their hair knotted on the top of their heads, were gathered on the bank of the river opposite to that on which the Englishmen had landed. Cook, wishing to establish friendly relations with them, crossed the water in the dinghy, but they promptly ran away. So, leaving four boys in charge of the dinghy, Cook and his companions set out towards a group of huts which they could see three or four hundred paces away.
They had scarcely left the shore when four men, armed with long spears, dashed out of the forest and ran towards the dinghy to capture it. The coxswain of the gig warned the boys of their danger, and fired over the heads of the Indians, who halted and looked about them. After a few minutes they resumed their attack. The sailor fired a second shot to frighten them. Far from evincing the least fear, one of the natives brandished his spear to hurl at the boat. A third shot killed him on the spot. Such was the first meeting of the Englishmen with the natives of New Zealand. The rest of their intercourse was not to be much better.
On the next day Cook filled three boats with seamen and marines, and with the three scientists, his officers and Tupia, set out towards the shore, where about fifty New Zealanders seemed to be awaiting the arrival of the strangers. About twenty of them crossed the river. The Englishmen offered them some necklaces and ironware, which they accepted with indifference.
What they really wanted was to exchange their weapons for those of the newcomers. One of the Maoris seized Green's hunting knife and brandished it triumphantly over his head. Banks fired a shot-gun at him, but, although well peppered with shot, he continued to defy the Englishman, brandishing his weapon. A bullet fired by Monkhouse laid him low. On the following day Cook, seeing that it was impossible to deal with these natives, and that, besides, the water in the river was brackish, resolved to seek another part of the bay where drinking water was to be found and less aggressive natives were to be met with.
The sea was too rough for the boats to land, but Cook saw two canoes in the offing. He immediately decided to prevent their landing, and to capture some New Zealanders, in order to bring them to a more sociable frame of mind and encourage them to barter. The latter, however, took to flight on seeing the boats. In order to stop them, Cook fired over their heads, but instead of continuing to retire, the valorous Maoris determined on battle, and prepared to attack the boats with stones, oars and spears.
Cook then fired ball into them. Cook decided to explore the coast of this inhospitable country, and steered northwards, making frequent stops and finding nearly everywhere the same hostile temper on the part of the inhabitants, whose tendency to theft was not inferior to that of the Tahitians.
One day Cook, having noticed a Maori wearing a black skin which looked like that of a bear, and wishing to find out what animal it came from, offered to exchange it for a piece of red cloth. The Maori accepted the offer with delight. He immediately took off the skin and laid it in his canoe, not wishing to part with it till he had received the cloth.
Once he had got hold of this, he kept the skin and put it and the cloth into a basket. Then, with serene calm, he paddled away from the ship. On the same day a party of natives captured Tayeto, Tupia's little servant, who happened to be in a boat, and dragged him into one of their canoes. Cook had fire opened immediately, and in the confusion which ensued the child made his escape and swam back to the Endeavour.
Cook gave the place where this happened the name of Cape Kidnapper. On another occasion a native who had come on board to trade saw several pieces of cloth drying at the ship's side. As quietly as though he were performing some household duty he took them down, tied them in a bundle, and made off. Similar incidents were of frequent occurrence, and Cook had the greatest difficulty in restraining the [ 58] Hi, NEW ZEALAND murderous instinct of his men, who, as he says in his Journal, " showed the same eagerness to massacre these islanders as a huntsman to kill game.
One day, some seamen having broken down the fence of a native plantation and taken some potatoes, he ordered twelve lashes to each of the culprits, and when one of them contended obstinately that " it was no crime for an Englishman to rob a native plantation, while it was a crime for an Indian to steal a nail from an Englishman," Cook had him put in the cells, whence he emerged only to receive twelve more lashes.
The Endeavour frequently met native canoes manned by warlike New Zealanders, singing their war-songs with many gesticulations and waving their patu-patus, a sort of double-bladed axe made of greenstone. One day when this was beginning, Tupia mounted on the poop to address the islanders, and told them that the strangers had weapons which they would use if attacked. By way of reply, the Maoris brandished their axes and cried, 1 Come ashore, and we will kill you all. Since we have no desire to fight, we shall not accept your challenge to land, and you have no reason to quarrel with us, for the sea no more belongs to you than it does to the ship.
A shot which penetrated one of their canoes was the decisive argument which made them turn tail immediately. In some places, however, Cook was warmly welcomed, and was able to visit the hippas, or fortified villages, built on hills and fortified with ditches and palisades. Cook considered some of these to be impregnable. In the districts where the natives showed themselves more sociable the English bought fish, which, with dog, seemed to be the only food of the island. The fish was excellent, however, and the travellers of the Endeavour declared that they had never eaten better mackerel than that found in New Zealand waters.
The English sailors sometimes made miraculous hauls of fish. One day they caught pounds of bream, and at another time, at the mouth of a stream to which Cook gave the name of Oyster River, they found a great number of perfect oysters," as good as Colchester natives," of which they ate enormously.
Tasty lobsters were a welcome addition to the menu, which Banks supplemented sometimes with cormorants which he shot. As for the islanders, they graced their table with human flesh, when they could get it. One of them said to Tupia, 1 We only eat the bodies of enemies killed in battle. In the course of their numerous visits to the shore the travellers were able to make interesting observations of the inhabitants. The extraordinary healthiness of the people and the great age which they seemed to attain had struck Cook, who never remarked a single case of illness among them. Their wounds healed with amazing rapidity.
He found them infinitely more prudish than the Tahitians, among whom the conception of decency seemed totally lacking. The bodies of both sexes were covered with black spots, a sort of horrible tattooing. The men wore their beards short, and their hair, knotted on the top of their heads, formed a tuft in which they placed birds' feathers. The women painted their faces with red ochre and oil, and they transferred some of their complexions to those who wished to enjoy the sweetness of their kisses.
In the course of a visit to a native village the English saw, with the greatest surprise, a cross exactly similar to the emblem of Christianity. Cook spent thirty-four days mapping the northern part of New Zealand, into which he was the first European to penetrate. He made a detailed examination of the coast, and compiled a chart of remarkable accuracy, leaving such native names as he had been able to learn, and christening bays, capes, islands and rivers according to the events appropriate to them, as Poverty Bay, Abundance Bay, Mercury Bay because he there observed the transit of the planet , Oyster River, the Thames because the width of the river resembled that of the Thames at Greenwich.
Cook, after this thirty-four-days' sail, entered the great strait known as Queen Charlotte Sound. Having landed, he climbed a hill, and saw in front of him, across the Sound, another land. The sea stretched west and east. The continent, then, was formed of two great islands.
Cook had soon proved it. At once he unfurled the British flag, and, with the customary ceremony, which comprised a triple salvo and the drinking of the King's health in a bottle of wine, he formally took possession of the new territory in the name of His Majesty, King George III.
The South Island, called by the natives Touy- Poenammou, being mountainous and barren, seemed hardly inhabited. The North Island, Eaheino Mauwe, was covered with wooded mountains and hills, and every valley was watered by a stream. The soil was fertile. The naturalists, Banks and Solander, declared that every European grain, plant or fruit would grow there and become successfully acclimatised.
Cook wrote in his Journal, " If Europeans settle in this country, it will cost them very little care and labour to grow everything they require in abundance. The Endeavour had been six months in New Zealand waters. If numerous discoveries had been made, dangers had not been lacking either. Several times the ship had come near foundering on the reefs, and, further, the encounters with the natives were almost always far from pleasant. A great number of the crew began to sigh for the roast beef of old England.
Cook thought about his return. Two routes presented themselves to him: Cook had just given England an archipelago and two great islands. He was now about to give her a territory the size of a continent. His first welcome by the natives was as spontaneously hostile as had been that of the New Zealanders. Having lowered the boats and embarked in them with his friends, Tupia, and a strong guard of marines and armed men, Cook landed at a spot where several Indians had been seen. The latter ran away, except two, who, armed with spears about ten feet long, greeted the Englishmen in a rough and dissonant language of which poor Tupia could make nothing.
Although they were two to forty, the natives seemed determined to prevent the strangers from penetrating their country. Cook ordered his men to stop rowing and threw the two Indians a few nails and necklace beads, which seemed to please them. Then, by signs, he tried to make them understand that he wanted water, and that he had no intention of harming them.
Cook ordered a shot to be fired between them, which only frightened them for a moment, after which they began to hurl stones. This time a shot-gun charge wounded the elder of the natives in the leg. He disappeared, to return with a shield and a quantity of spears, which he and his companion proceeded to throw at the strangers, fortunately without wounding them. A third shot having put these plucky Indians to flight, the Englishmen landed.
They were the first of their race to set foot on Australian soil, upon which Cook immediately unfurled the British flag. Part of the guard advanced towards some rude tents, which resembled those of the natives of Tierra del Fuego. Only a few terrified children remained there. The Englishmen left in each hut which they visited bracelets, necklaces and cloth, hoping that these presents would earn them the friendship of the inhabitants.
When they returned on the following day they found that their gifts had been scorned, and they did not see a single native. Those whom they saw during the following days approached to within a certain distance, then, uttering strange cries, fled into the woods.
A few hurled their spears, but without effect. During the few days that the Endeavour remained at anchor in Botany Bay Cook and the naturalists explored the interior. Wonderful birds, parrakeets of startling colours, chattered in the great trees.