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Participants also increased their overall rate of initiated intentional communication. Development of intentional prelinguistic communication within salient social routines creates opportunities for an adult to teach social and communication skills to young school-age children with autism who function at a nonverbal level. Culturally diverse Malayan milieu: The war exploits of Australian Army nurses have been represented in a number of literary sources, but there is a paucity of data about the nurses who served in the Malayan Emergency Using descriptive interpretive historiography, with a central focus on oral testimony, this paper aims to highlight the culturally rich and diverse environment of Malaya in the s.

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four women from the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps to expose their experiences and perceptions of the Malayan environment and its people. The information provided by these nurses was subjected to manual thematic analysis resulting in the emergence of a number of themes. One prominent theme, Malaya's cultural diversity, was chosen for this paper because it contained an abundant source of new and rich data. To protect the identities of the informants pseudonyms were used in the presentation of the oral narratives.

This approach led to revelations about how Australian women, with limited knowledge or exposure to other cultural groups, engaged in work and leisure time pursuits in Malaya's exotic cultural milieu. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching EMT implemented by parents and therapists versus therapists only on the language skills of preschool children with intellectual disabilities ID , including children with Down syndrome and children with autism spectrum disorders ASD.

Children were assessed before, immediately after, 6 months after, and 12 months after intervention. Separate linear regressions were conducted for each standardized and observational measure at each time point. Conclusion Findings from this study indicate generally that there are benefits to training parents to implement naturalistic language intervention strategies with preschool children who have ID and significant language impairments. The MSS habitat is often connected both with the deep hypogean domain—caves and deep rock cracks—and the superficial soil horizon.

We have briefly described the different types of MSS mentioned in the scientific literature alluvial, bedrock, colluvial, volcanic, and other types and synthesized the advances in the study of the physical and ecological factors affecting this habitat—i. Cognitive milieu therapy and physical activity: During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in implementing cognitive milieu therapy CMT in psychiatric institutions. However, there is a lack of systematic evaluations from patients' point of view.

The aim of this study was to explore and describe patient perceptions of essential experiences of mastery, learning alternative ways of thinking, and acquiring new skills through CMT and physical activity in an inpatient setting. Qualitative interviews were carried out with 20 patients with dual diagnosis.

A hermeneutic - phenomenological approach was used in the data collection and analysis.

The results showed that the learning climate in the unit was important. This included a proactive attitude from the staff, focusing on cooperation on equal terms between patients and staff, and a professional methodological approach through CMT. The optimal balance between staff-induced activities and patient initiatives was not easy to obtain. Patients appreciated both the education provided by the staff and learning from other patients. The cognitive method was sometimes experienced as too theoretical and difficult to understand.

Physical activity, however, was experienced as 'concrete' and providing practical knowledge. It motivated patients to establish new habits and provided opportunities for the development of mastery together with other patients. Enclosed versus open nursing stations in adult acute care psychiatric settings: Specific efforts by hospital accreditation organizations encourage renovation of nursing stations, so nurses can better see, attend, and care for their patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nursing station design on the therapeutic milieu in an adult acute care psychiatric unit.

A repeated cross-sectional, pretest-posttest design was used. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 81 patients and 25 nursing staff members who completed the Ward Atmosphere Scale. Pretest data were collected when the unit had an enclosed nursing station, and posttest data were collected after renovations to the unit created an open nursing station.

No statistically significant differences were found in patient or staff perceptions of the therapeutic milieu. No increase in aggression toward staff was found, given patients' ease of access to the nursing station. More research is needed about the impact of unit design in acute care psychiatric settings. Ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization alters the intrauterine cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor milieu encountered by the embryo.

To elucidate the impact of ovarian stimulation on the intrauterine milieu represented by the cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor profile in endometrial secretions aspirated before embryo transfer. Fertility center in tertiary referral university hospital. Forty-two patients undergoing ovarian stimulation with GnRH analogues were recruited. They participated in both a natural and an ovarian-stimulated cycle for within patient comparisons. Endometrial secretion aspiration was performed immediately before embryo transfer. The concentrations of 17 mediators known to be involved in human embryo implantation were assessed by multiplex immunoassay.

Endometrial secretion analysis provides a novel means of investigating the effect of ovarian stimulation on the intrauterine milieu. The in vivo milieu encountered by the embryo after transfer is significantly altered by ovarian stimulation. Published by Elsevier Inc. Challenges of effective integration of clinical risk management into hospitals in Iran. The formation of a biomolecular corona around engineered particles determines, in large part, their biological behavior in vitro and in vivo. To gain a fundamental understanding of how particle design and the biological milieu influence the formation of the "hard" biomolecular corona, we conduct a series of in vitro studies using microfluidics.

This setup allows the generation of a dynamic incubation environment with precise control over the applied flow rate, stream orientation, and channel dimensions, thus allowing accurate control of the fluid flow and the shear applied to the proteins and particles. We used mesoporous silica particles, poly 2-methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine PMPC -coated silica hybrid particles, and PMPC replica particles obtained by removal of the silica particle templates , representing high-, intermediate-, and low-fouling particle systems, respectively.

The protein source used in the experiments was either human serum or human full blood. The effects of flow, particle surface properties, incubation medium, and incubation time on the formation of the biomolecular corona formation are examined. Our data show that protein adhesion on particles is enhanced after incubation in human blood compared to human serum and that dynamic incubation leads to a more complex corona. By varying the incubation time from 2 s to 15 min, we demonstrate that the "hard" biomolecular corona is kinetically subdivided into two phases comprising a tightly bound layer of proteins interacting directly with the particle surface and a loosely associated protein layer.

Understanding the influence of particle design parameters and biological factors on the corona composition, as well as its dynamic assembly, may facilitate more accurate prediction of corona formation and therefore assist in the design of advanced drug delivery vehicles. Cross- Milieu Terrorist Collaboration: This article uses a game-theoretic approach to analyze the risk of cross- milieu terrorist collaboration-the possibility that, despite marked ideological differences, extremist groups from very different milieus might align to a degree where operational collaboration against Western societies becomes possible.

Based upon theoretical insights drawn from a variety of literatures, a bargaining model is constructed that reflects the various benefits and costs for terrorists' collaboration across ideological milieus. Analyzed in both sequential and simultaneous decision-making contexts and through numerical simulations, the model confirms several theoretical arguments. The most important of these is that although likely to be quite rare, successful collaboration across terrorist milieus is indeed feasible in certain circumstances.

The model also highlights several structural elements that might play a larger role than previously recognized in the collaboration decision, including that the prospect of nonmaterial gains amplification of terror and reputational boost plays at least as important a role in the decision to collaborate as potential increased capabilities does. Numerical simulation further suggests that prospects for successful collaboration over most scenarios including operational increase when a large, effective Islamist terrorist organization initiates collaboration with a smaller right-wing group, as compared with the other scenarios considered.

Although the small number of historical cases precludes robust statistical validation, the simulation results are supported by existing empirical evidence of collaboration between Islamists and right- or left-wing extremists. The game-theoretic approach, therefore, provides guidance regarding the circumstances under which such an unholy alliance of violent actors is likely to succeed.

Release of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants by the coral Stylophora pistillata to its external milieu. Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 , a common reactive oxygen species, plays multiple roles in coral health and disease. Elevated H2O2 production by the symbiotic algae during stress may result in symbiosis breakdown and bleaching of the coral. We have recently reported that various Red Sea corals release H2O2 and antioxidants to their external milieu , and can influence the H2O2 dynamics in the reef.

Here, we present a laboratory characterization of H2O2 and antioxidant activity release kinetics by intact, non-stressed Stylophora pistillata. Experimenting with bleached and non-bleached corals and different stirring speeds, we explored the sources and modes of H2O2 and antioxidant release. Since H2O2 is produced and degraded simultaneously, we developed a methodology for resolving the actual H2O2 concentrations released by the corals. H2O2 and antioxidant activity steadily increased in the water surrounding the coral over short periods of h.

Solving for H2O2 release, corals were found to release H2O2 at increasing rates over h, and then to slow down and stop by h. Stirring was shown to induce the release of H2O2, possibly since the flow reduces the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer of the coral, and thus increases H2O2 mass flux. Antioxidant activity was released at similar rates by bleached and non-bleached corals, suggesting that the antioxidants did not originate from the symbiotic algae. H2O2, however, was not released from bleached corals, implying that the symbiotic algae are the source of the released H2O2. The observed flow-induced H2O2 release may aid corals in removing some of the internal H2O2 produced by their symbiotic algae, and may possibly assist in preventing coral bleaching under conditions of elevated temperature and irradiance.

Intravitreal invading cells contribute to vitreal cytokine milieu in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. AIM—To examine the contribution of infiltrating cells in the local production of cytokines within the vitreous of patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy PVR. A quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR using an internal competitor was used to investigate these samples. Spearman correlation was used to test any association between mRNA and cytokine protein levels, as an indicator of the contribution these cells make to the intravitreal cytokine milieu.

Hippocampal neural systems consolidate multiple complex behaviors into memory.

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However, the temporal structure of neural firing supporting complex memory consolidation is unknown. Replay of hippocampal place cells during sleep supports the view that a simple repetitive behavior modifies sleep firing dynamics, but does not explain how multiple episodes could be integrated into associative networks for recollection during future cognition.

Here we decode sequential firing structure within spike avalanches of all pyramidal cells recorded in sleeping rats after running in a circular track. We find that short sequences that combine into multiple long sequences capture the majority of the sequential structure during sleep, including replay of hippocampal place cells. The ensemble, however, is not optimized for maximally producing the behavior-enriched episode.

Thus behavioral programming of sequential correlations occurs at the level of short-range interactions, not whole behavioral sequences and these short sequences are assembled into a large and complex milieu that could support complex memory consolidation. Paradoxically, transplanted HSCs rapidly proliferate in this niche. Pretransplant myelosuppression results in a substantial rise in oxygen levels in the marrow microenvironment due to reduced cellularity and consequent low oxygen consumption.

Biochemical analyses showed that though, both CoCl2 and hypoxia evoked comparable signals in the BMSCs, the regeneration of hematopoiesis in their respective cocultures was radically different. The hematopoiesis-supportive ability of CoCl2-BMSCs was abrogated if the CoCl2-cocultures were incubated under hypoxia, demonstrating that the prevalent oxygen tension in the milieu dominantly affects the outcome of the HSC-BM niche interactions.

Our data suggest that pharmacologically delaying the reestablishment of hypoxia in the BM may boost post-transplant regeneration of hematopoiesis. Mediterranean diet cools down the inflammatory milieu in type 2 diabetes: Mediterranean-style diets provide cardiovascular benefits and increase insulin sensitivity. There is little evidence that adherence to Mediterranean diet may influence the levels of the inflammatory milieu in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess whether Mediterranean diet influences both C-reactive protein CRP and adiponectin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, and whether adherence to Mediterranean diet affects their circulating levels.

Adherence to the diets was assessed by calculating the Mediterranean-diet score. The pattern of adiponectin fractions high and non-high molecular weight showed a response similar to that of total adiponectin. Diabetic patients with the highest scores points of adherence to Mediterranean diet had lower circulating CRP level and higher circulating total adiponectin levels than the diabetic patients who scored milieu of type 2 diabetes.

Changes of intracellular milieu with fatigue or hypoxia depress contraction of skinned rabbit skeletal and cardiac muscle. Maximal calcium-activated force Fmax and calcium sensitivity were markedly decreased in detergent-skinned fibres from skeletal and cardiac muscle by solutions that mimicked the total milieu changes associated with fatigue and hypoxia.

Further experiments determined the relative contribution of each of the individual changes in milieu. These effects were greater in cardiac muscle. Decreasing MgATP over the range observed with fatigue and hypoxia 6. In cardiac fibres, the effect on Fmax could be mimicked by inhibition of endogenous creatine kinase. In contrast, the change produced in cardiac muscle was greater than that expected from addition of ADP and. We report two patients with both conditions and review 47 other previously reported cases meeting currently accepted diagnostic criteria, from 17 articles extracted from PubMed.

Out of 44 patients whose gender was informed, 42 were females. Mean age at onset of neurological manifestation was Our Cases and others, as previously reported in literature, with similar heterogeneous autoimmune response to aquaporin-4, suggest that SS and NMO co-exist in a common autoimmune milieu which is not dependent on aquaporin-4 autoimmunity. Rising acuity levels in inpatient settings have led to growing reliance on observers and increased the cost of care.

Minimizing use of observers, maintaining quality and safety of care, and improving bed access, without increasing cost. Nursing staff on two inpatient psychiatric units at an academic medical center pilot-tested the use of a " milieu manager" to address rising patient acuity and growing reliance on observers.

Nursing cost, occupancy, discharge volume, unit closures, observer expense, and incremental nursing costs were tracked. The pilot initiatives ran for 8 months. Occupancy, patient days, and discharges increased. Incremental nursing cost was offset by reduction in observer expense and by revenue from increases in occupancy and patient days. Staff work satisfaction improved and measures of patient safety were unchanged. The intervention was effective in reducing observation expense and improved occupancy and patient days while maintaining patient safety, representing a cost-effective and safe approach for management of acuity on inpatient psychiatric units.

Antitumor action of 3-bromopyruvate implicates reorganized tumor growth regulatory components of tumor milieu , cell cycle arrest and induction of mitochondria-dependent tumor cell death. Evidences demonstrate that metabolic inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate 3-BP exerts a potent antitumor action against a wide range of malignancies. However, the effect of 3-BP on progression of the tumors of thymic origin remains unexplored. Although, constituents of tumor microenvironment TME plays a pivotal role in regulation of tumor progression, it remains unclear if 3-BP can alter the composition of the crucial tumor growth regulatory components of the external surrounding of tumor cells.

Further, the expression of cell survival regulatory molecules and hemodynamic characteristics of the tumor milieu were analysed to decipher mechanisms underlying the antitumor action of 3-BP. Administration of 3-BP to tumor-bearing hosts retarded tumor progression accompanied by induction of tumor cell death, cell cycle arrest, declined metabolism, inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential, elevated release of cytochrome c and altered hemodynamics.

Moreover, 3-BP reconstituted the external milieu , in concurrence with deregulated glucose and pH homeostasis and increased tumor infiltration by NK cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. Further, 3-BP administration altered the expression of key regulatory molecules involved in glucose uptake, intracellular pH and tumor cell survival.

The outcomes of this study will help in optimizing the therapeutic application of 3-BP by targeting crucial tumor growth regulatory components of tumor milieu. Alginate-gelatin encapsulation of human endothelial cells promoted angiogenesis in in vivo and in vitro milieu. Up to present, many advantages have been achieved in the field of cell-based therapies by applying sophisticated methodologies and delivery approaches. Microcapsules are capable to provide safe microenvironment for cells during transplantation in a simulated physiological 3D milieu.

Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of alginate-gelatin encapsulation on angiogenic behavior of human endothelial cells over a period of 5 days. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were encapsulated by alginate-gelatin substrate and incubated for 5 days. In addition to in vitro tubulogenesis assay, we monitored the expression of VE-cadherin by Western blotting. The in vivo angiogenic potential of encapsulated HUVECs was analyzed in immune-compromised mouse implant model during 7 days post-transplantation.

A major obstacle to the success rate of chimeric antigen receptor CAR- T cell therapy against solid tumors is the microenvironment antagonistic to T cells that solid tumors create. Conventional checkpoint blockade can silence lymphocyte anti-survival pathways activated by tumors, but because they are systemic, these treatments disrupt immune homeostasis and induce autoimmune side effects. Thus, new technologies are required to remodel the tumor milieu without causing systemic toxicities. Here we demonstrate that targeted nanocarriers that deliver a combination of immune-modulatory agents can remove pro-tumor cell populations and simultaneously stimulate anti-tumor effector cells.

We administered repeated infusions of lipid nanoparticles coated with the tumor-targeting peptide iRGD and loaded with a combination of a PI3K inhibitor to inhibit immune-suppressive tumor cells and an alpha-GalCer agonist of therapeutic T cells to synergistically sway the tumor microenvironment of solid tumors from suppressive to stimulatory. This treatment created a therapeutic window of two weeks, enabling tumor-specific CAR-T cells to home to the lesion, undergo robust expansion, and trigger tumor regression.

CAR-T cells administered outside this therapeutic window had no curative effect. The lipid nanoparticles we used are easy to manufacture in substantial amounts, and we demonstrate that repeated infusions of them are safe. Our technology may therefore provide a practical and low-cost strategy to potentiate many cancer immunotherapies used to treat solid tumors, including T cell therapy, vaccines, and BITE platforms.

In recent decades society has been undergoing many changes and these have had a strong incidence on infant morbidity and mortality. Diseases that have practically vanished due to the impact of vaccinations and the improvement of the standard of living have given way to others derived from the changes in eating habits and life style; accidents, on the other hand, have come to be the first cause of morbidity and mortality after the first year of life has been passed. Strategies must be directed towards avoiding the causes of this new way of falling ill.

We present a Spanish version of a game similar to "snakes and ladders" called "the healthy goose", which encourages healthy living habits. In order that the child should internalize safe habits by means of the game, certain squares in the game have been replaced by positive drawings, in which the child carries out healthy activities, receiving prizes for these, and others in which risky activities are performed, which are penalized.

The areas dealt with are: The game starts with a child of years and the goal is reached as a healthy adolescent. Given that the variation in personalities is enormous, we believe the family milieu should be the complement to legislative and educational measures and general campaigns in the means of communication, since it is what the child knows best and where he learns his deepest attitudes.

This game could be a help to parents in this difficult task.

Caryl Férey

Key endothelial cell angiogenic mechanisms are stimulated by the circulating milieu in sickle cell disease and attenuated by hydroxyurea. As hypoxia-induced inflammatory angiogenesis may contribute to the manifestations of sickle cell disease, we compared the angiogenic molecular profiles of plasma from sickle cell disease individuals and correlated these with in vitro endothelial cell-mediated angiogenesis-stimulating activity and in vivo neovascularization.

Bioplex demonstrated that plasma from patients with steady-state sickle cell anemia contained elevated concentrations of pro-angiogenic factors angiopoietin-1, basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-D and placental growth factor and displayed potent pro-angiogenic activity, significantly increasing endothelial cell proliferation, migration and capillary-like structure formation.

In vivo neovascularization of Matrigel plugs was significantly greater in sickle cell disease mice than in non-sickle cell disease mice, consistent with an up-regulation of angiogenesis in the disease. In plasma from patients with hemoglobin SC disease without proliferative retinopathy, anti-angiogenic endostatin and thrombospondin-2 were significantly elevated. In contrast, plasma from hemoglobin SC individuals with proliferative retinopathy had a pro-angiogenic profile and more significant effects on endothelial cell proliferation and capillary formation than plasma from patients without retinopathy.

Hydroxyurea therapy was associated with significant reductions in plasma angiogenic factors and inhibition of endothelial cell-mediated angiogenic mechanisms and neovascularization. Thus, individuals with sickle cell anemia or hemoglobin SC disease with retinopathy present a highly angiogenic circulating milieu , capable of stimulating key endothelial cell-mediated angiogenic mechanisms. Combination anti-angiogenic therapy to prevent the progression of unregulated neovascularization and associated manifestations in sickle cell disease, such as pulmonary hypertension, may be indicated; furthermore, the.

Conception d'un outil d'aide a la decision de technologies de fabrication additive en milieu aeronautique. La fabrication additive offre une opportunite d'amelioration des methodes de productions de pieces.

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Cependant, les technologies de fabrication additive sont diverses, les fournisseurs de services sont multiples et peu de personnel est forme pour operer sur ces technologies. L'objectif de cette etude est d'emettre une suggestion de concepts d'outils d'aide a la decision de technologies, de materiaux et de post-traitements de fabrication additive en milieu aeronautique.

Trois sous-objectifs sont employes. Premierement, la definition des criteres de decision de technologies, de materiaux et de post-traitements de fabrication additive. Ensuite, l'elaboration d'un cahier des charges de l'outil d'aide a la decision en accord avec les besoins industriels du secteur aeronautique. Et enfin, la suggestion de trois concepts d'outils d'aide a la decision et leur evaluation par comparaison au cahier des charges etabli.

Les criteres captures aupres de 11 industriels concernent des criteres de couts, de qualite, de conception et de delai d'obtention. Ensuite, nous avons elabore un cahier des charges permettant de reunir les besoins des industriels du secteur aeronautique selon trois axes qui constituent la colonne vertebrale des outils d'aide a la decision: La convivialite de l'interface utilisateur, l'evaluation de la qualite souhaitee par l'utilisateur et la prise en compte des etudes de cas realisees par le moteur de selection sont exemples de besoins que nous avons identifie au sein de cette etude.

Nous avons ensuite transcrit ces besoins en specifications techniques pour permettre une evaluation du niveau de satisfaction des industriels au travers d'un pointage des trois concepts suggeres. Forced swimming sabotages the morphological and synaptic maturation of newborn granule neurons and triggers a unique pro-inflammatory milieu in the hippocampus. Recent experimental data suggest that mood disorders are related to inflammatory phenomena and have led to the "inflammatory hypothesis of depression". Given that the hippocampus is one of the most affected areas in these disorders, we used a model of acute stress the Porsolt test to evaluate the consequences of forced swimming on two crucial events related to the pathophysiology of major depression: GFP-expressing retroviruses, we found that forced swimming selectively alters the dendritic morphology of newborn neurons and impairs their connectivity by reducing the number and volume of their postsynaptic densities.

In addition, acute stress triggered a series of morphological changes in microglial cells, together with an increase in microglial CD68 expression, thus suggesting the functional and morphological activation of this cell population. Furthermore, we observed an intriguing change in the hippocampal inflammatory milieu in response to forced swimming.

Importantly, the levels of several molecules affected by acute stress such as Interleukin-6 and eotaxin have been described to also be altered in patients with depression and other mood disorders.

Defected red blood cell membranes and direct correlation with the uraemic milieu: Together with impaired production of erythropoietin and iron deficiency, the decreased lifespan of red blood cells RBCs is a main factor contributing to the chronic anaemia observed in haemodialysis HD patients. Atomic force microscopy is employed in this work to thoroughly survey the membrane of intact RBCs iRBCs of HD patients in comparison to those of healthy donors, aiming to obtain direct information on the structural status of RBCs that can be related to their decreased lifespan.

Thus, these results indicate that the uraemic milieu downgrades the structural status of the RBC membrane, possibly triggering biochemical processes that result in their premature elimination from the circulation. Integration des sciences et de la langue: Creation et experimentation d'un modele pedagogique pour ameliorer l'apprentissage des sciences en milieu francophone minoritaire.

Les faibles resultats en sciences des eleves du milieu francophone minoritaire, lors d'epreuves au plan national et international, ont interpelle la recherche de solutions. Cette these avait pour but de creer et d'experimenter un modele pedagogique pour l'enseignement des sciences en milieu linguistique minoritaire. En raison de la presence de divers degres de francite chez la clientele scolaire de ce milieu , plusieurs elements langagiers l'ecriture, la discussion et la lecture ont ete integres a l'apprentissage scientifique.

Nous avions recommande de commencer le processus d'apprentissage avec des elements langagiers plutot informels redaction dans un journal, discussions en dyades En ce qui a trait a l'apprentissage scientifique, le modele preconisait une demarche d'evolution conceptuelle d'inspiration socio-constructiviste tout en s'appuyant fortement sur l'apprentissage experientiel. Lors de l'experimentation du modele, nous voulions savoir si celui-ci provoquait une evolution conceptuelle chez les eleves, et si, simultanement, le vocabulaire scientifique de ces derniers s'enrichissait.

Par ailleurs, nous cherchions a comprendre comment les eleves vivaient leurs apprentissages dans le cadre de ce modele pedagogique. Une classe de cinquieme annee de l'ecole de Grande-Digue, dans le Sud-est du Nouveau-Brunswick, a participe a la mise a l'essai du modele en etudiant les marais sales locaux. Lors d'entrevues initiales, nous avons remarque que les connaissances des eleves au sujet des marais sales etaient limitees.

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En effet, s'ils etaient conscients que les marais etaient des lieux naturels, ils ne pouvaient pas necessairement les decrire avec precision. Nous avons egalement constate que les eleves utilisaient surtout des mots communs plantes, oiseaux, insectes pour decrire le marais. Les resultats obtenus indiquent que les eleves ont. Objective Substance use is a significant and common problem among school-aged youths throughout Africa. Like other countries on this continent, the West-African nation of Liberia is recovering from civil war.

A well-educated population of young people is critical to the recovery efforts and long-term success of Liberia. We wanted to better understand the culturally significant themes and subthemes related to substance use among youths attending public schools in Monrovia, Liberia. Methods A qualitative research design was used to collect data from 72 students attending public school in Monrovia, Liberia.

Nine focus groups of 6—8 students from three public schools were facilitated using a semi-structured format to guide discussions on substance use. Student narratives were translated and re-occurring themes and subthemes were coded and analyzed. Results Four emergent themes described in this study were: Behaviors associated with substance use Consequences associated with individual use Consequences of substance use that affected the school milieu School-related factors that were protective from substance use.

Subthemes associated with substance use included concealment of substances, intoxication and disruption of the classroom environment, expulsion from school, school drop-out, and school as protective against substance use. Conclusion Liberian school-aged youths described important themes and subthemes associated with substance use occurring within the school milieu. These data have germane public health ramifications, and could help inform larger epidemiologic study methods and public health interventions for Liberia and countries with similar profiles.

The validation process was carried out in two stages. First, translation and back-translation were performed, and in the second phase, the questionnaire was applied in 72 families of children between 0 and 24 months for the validation process. The tool consists of the following domains: The following was performed for the scale validation: Most correlations between items and domains were significant. In the factorial analysis of the scale, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin values were 0. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. Substance use is a significant and common problem among school-aged youths throughout Africa.

Substance use by school-aged youths has important public health consequences that could undermine Liberia's post-conflict recovery efforts. A qualitative research design was used to collect data from 72 students attending public school in Monrovia, Liberia. Nine focus groups of students from three public schools were facilitated using a semi-structured format to guide discussions on substance use. Four emergent themes described in this study were: Behaviors associated with substance useConsequences associated with individual useConsequences of substance use that affected the school milieu School-related factors that were protective from substance use.

Liberian school-aged youths described important themes and subthemes associated with substance use occurring within the school milieu. A grid matrix-based Raman spectroscopic method to characterize different cell milieu in biopsied axillary sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer patients. Raman spectroscopy which is based upon inelastic scattering of photons has a potential to emerge as a noninvasive bedside in vivo or ex vivo molecular diagnostic tool.

There is a need to improve the sensitivity and predictability of Raman spectroscopy. We developed a grid matrix-based tissue mapping protocol to acquire cellular-specific spectra that also involved digital microscopy for localizing malignant and lymphocytic cells in sentinel lymph node biopsy sample.

Biosignals acquired from specific cellular milieu were subjected to an advanced supervised analytical method, i. We observed decreased spectral intensity as well as shift in the spectral peaks of amides and lipid bands in the completely metastatic cancer cells lymph nodes with high cellular density. Spectral library of normal lymphocytes and metastatic cancer cells created using the cellular specific mapping technique can be utilized to create an automated smart diagnostic tool for bench side screening of sampled lymph nodes.

Spectral library of normal lymphocytes and metastatic cancer cells created using the cellular specific mapping technique can be utilized to develop an automated smart diagnostic tool for bench side screening of sampled lymph nodes supported by ongoing global research in developing better technology and signal and big data processing algorithms. Aggressive cancers exhibit an efficient conversion of high amounts of glucose to lactate accompanied by acid secretion, a phenomenon popularly known as the Warburg effect.

The acidic microenvironment and the alkaline cytosol create a proton-gradient acid gradient across the plasma membrane that represents proton-motive energy. Increasing experimental data from physiological relevant models suggest that acid gradient stimulates tumor proliferation, and can also support its energy needs. However, direct biochemical evidence linking extracellular acid gradient to generation of intracellular ATP are missing. In this work, we demonstrate that cancer cells can synthesize significant amounts of phosphate-bonds from phosphate in response to acid gradient across plasma membrane.

The noted phenomenon exists in absence of glycolysis and mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and is unique to cancer. Biochemical assays using viable cancer cells, and purified plasma membrane vesicles utilizing radioactive phosphate, confirmed phosphate-bond synthesis from free phosphate Pi , and also localization of this activity to the plasma membrane. In addition to ATP, predominant formation of pyrophosphate PPi from Pi was also observed when plasma membrane vesicles from cancer cells were subjected to trans-membrane acid gradient.

Acid gradient created through glucose metabolism by cancer cells, as observed in tumors, also proved critical for phosphate-bond synthesis. In brief, these observations reveal a role of acidic tumor milieu as a potential energy source and may offer a novel therapeutic target. The placental immune milieu is characterized by a Th2- and anti-inflammatory transcription profile, regardless of maternal allergy, and associates with neonatal immunity.

How maternal allergy affects the systemic and local immunological environment during pregnancy and the immune development of the offspring is unclear. Expression of 40 genes was quantified by PCR arrays in placenta, peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMC , and cord blood mononuclear cells CBMC from 7 allergic and 12 non-allergic women and their offspring. A risk factor for left atrial and left atrial appendage thrombogenic milieu in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Previous studies have identified ABO blood groups as predictors of thromboembolic diseases. This is a retrospective case-control study that included consecutive patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation NVAF plus TM, as evidenced by transesophageal echocardiography TEE during a period from1 January to 31 December Potential association between ABO blood groups and TM was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The risk of TM was higher in patients with blood group A After adjusting for age, sex, oral anticoagulant use, AF type and duration, and relevant functional measures e.

The interaction of plane electromagnetic wave with half-infinit gyrotropic media for different directions of propagation of incident microwave radiation and various directions of gyrotropic axis are investigated. The equations for calculation of wave's parameters exited in media and reflected from media-surface are obtained. SA8 and SA9 are messengers in the crosstalk between epidermis and dermis modulating a psoriatic milieu in human skin.

SA8 and SA9 are members of the SA8 protein family that exist as homodimers and heterodimers in neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Recent studies have shown the pivotal roles of SA8 and SA9 in the propagation of inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation in psoriasis.

The CM increased immune cell migration and increased angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In conclusion, we found that the upregulated production of SA8 and SA9 by psoriatic epidermal keratinocytes activated adjacent keratinocytes to produce several cytokines. Moreover, SA8 and SA9 themselves function as pro-angiogenic and chemotactic factors, generating a psoriatic milieu in skin. In this study the construct of a 'good life' was explored among upper secondary school senior pupils and their parents and teachers by applying cultural consensus model analysis.

The information collected through interviewing and free-listing during the first phase of the study was used to create a set of structured questionnaire questions as a part of the survey in the second phase of data collection. The results are reported on two good-life sub-domains: The results indicate heterogeneity of the sample groups, incomplete inter-generational transmission of cultural values and examples of two sub-groups that resist cultural norms and do not comply with the dominant 'competence-as-sharing' paradigm.

The value of testing the cultural consensus model based on the emic approach and locally significant phenomena is demonstrated for planning and conducting holistic anthropological research. The public's diversified language profile means that nursing practice must adjust to provide the same quality of care to all clients, no matter what language they speak.

To improve quality and quantity of information exchanged in the nurse-client-interpreter triangle, the authors have investigated the type of information likely to be filtered and studied the various factors underlying the interpreter's choice to filter information. The authors also analyzed the values interpreters assign to information and the factors that form the background for filtering, including mistrust.

The authors suggest adequately preparing interpreters; using interpreters' expertise; and developing an appropriate training program for intercultural interpreters to enable them to better function within health care institutions. Milieu and Observer Differences in Environmental Associations. A project undertaken to advance the systematic analysis of public responses, attitudes, opinions, preferences, and values relating to the environment is discussed in this report, the seventh in a series of eight.

The reports fall into two general categories: Temptation and Seduction in the Technological Milieu. Jacques Ellul's work on propaganda provides the basis for this analysis of life in technology. Advertising and the mass media rely on temptation and seduction and create a constant flow of propaganda, all of which serve the technological system.

Propaganda aims to condition and regulate us so that we participate in and adapt ourselves to a desired…. Analysis of the luminescence induced by a STM scanning tunneling microscope permits to get insights into the electronic processes taking place in a single nanoscopic tunnel junction. The emission at the solid-liquid interface is characterized and the role played by the dielectric function is shown. Time correlations between the emitted single photons are then studied. Depending on the liquid immersing the junction, a photon bunching can occur.

We link this bunching with structural changes of the junction induced by the presence of a diffusing molecule. Finally, the influence of a self-assembled monolayer on the substrate is investigated. Boundings between triphenylene derivatives and Au are too weak, but with chemisorbed alcanethiols, molecular resolution is reached both on the STM image and on the photon map. We show that the contrast on photon map comes from the modulation of the LDOS spatial extension into the barrier due to the S Au bond. The elaboration of organic multilayers is considered as a route for observing the electroluminescence of a single molecule, isolated from the substrate by thiols and to study correlations of electronic origin.

This study explores broad features of political culture and event of the s and World War 2 years, viewed in relation to the emergence and rapid early growth of the new therapy of Carl Rogers. The paper traces Rogers' early professional life and examines distinctive emphases in sociopolitical thought and development during Franklin D. Roosevelt's leadership as President over the prolonged emergency of the Great Depression and the crisis of the War. The study includes a focus on the President's own outlook and style, pertinent New Deal innovations, and wartime needs.

Twelve features of this larger context are discriminated as together having vital importance for the new therapy and its founder. The congruent courses of the macrocontext and of Rogers' innovation are followed to the ending of Roosevelt's life. Direct causation is not attributed, but the evidence adduced newly points to particular contours of a larger environment favorable for the expression of Rogers' values and rare ability. In sum, the author concludes that a synergy of highly conducive historical circumstance and individual exceptionality contributed to the philosophical underpinnings, attitudinal values and early momentum of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Value orientations and social attitudes in the holistic milieu. Based on a representative population survey for Germany this article investigates whether engagement in holistic activities is associated with privatized lifestyles and lack of social responsibility or with countercultural orientations and base-democratic political commitment. To analyse this question, respondents who are engaged in holistic activities are divided into three groups that are compared with each other as well as with Christians and non-religious people. The findings show that the three holistic groups are characterized by clearly different attitudinal patterns: Respondents engaged in body-mind-spirit activities have an affinity to self-directed ways of life, post-materialism and environmentalism.

Holistic Christians try to combine the Christian ideal of altruism and post-materialist orientations. Those who are attracted only to magical-occult practices are primarily concerned with individualistic self-improvement and correspond more to the image of the hedonist consumer at the esoteric marketplace. Video technology has been in use in the psychiatric field for more than 20 years for diagnostic, scientific, co-therapeutic or educational purposes. However, little is known of its potential applications and impact as an instrument in psychotherapy or environmental therapy.

For this reason a new cinematographic project applying widespread video technology in environmental therapy, too, has been launched. All patients at our psychiatric hospital are involved in film selection, can cooperate at different organizational levels, and have regular opportunities to see films. The technical, the organizational and, in particular, the legal preconditions are set out, followed by a report on experience gained in use of video films within the setting of a psychiatric hospital.

Reference is also made to economic aspects, therapeutic effects and contraindications. Over the course of the twentieth century changing circumstances have prompted American Jewish educators to develop new educational strategies to address these needs, and these developments are an important aspect of the sociology of American Jewish education. Using the method of historical sociology, I examine the educational configuration at….

Behavioral significance of milieu: Behavior patterns in parks and plazas in downtown Syracuse, New York, are discussed.

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After an introduction of the spaces and their principal users, fundamental concepts borrowed from ecological psychology are defined. Then using these concepts, the behavioral significance of the environment is illustrated in a comparison of two case studies. The concepts employed here Literacy in a Non-Literacy Milieu: Section 1 of this report develops the thesis that while illiteracy is deeply entrenched in certain areas of India, it is also confined to specific pockets of the population.

Recognition of this fact should be the basis, according to the author, of literacy strategy. Section 2 provides a history of the levels of priority given to adult education…. Striding Toward Social Justice: The Ecologic Milieu of Physical Activity. Disparities in physical activity should be investigated in light of social justice principles. This manuscript critically evaluates evidence and trends in disparities research within an ecologic framework, focusing on multi-level factors such as neighborhood and racial discrimination that influence physical activity.

Discussion focuses on strategies for integrating social justice into physical activity promotion and intervention programming within an ecologic framework. INSL3, testosterone, genes and the intrauterine milieu. Complete testicular descent is a sign of, and a prerequisite for, normal testicular function in adult life. The process of testis descent is dependent on gubernacular growth and reorganization, which is regulated by the Leydig cell hormones insulin-like peptide 3 INSL3 and testosterone.

Investigation of the role of INSL3 and its receptor, relaxin-family peptide receptor 2 RXFP2 , has contributed substantially to our understanding of the hormonal control of testicular descent. Although some cases of isolated cryptorchidism in humans can be ascribed to known genetic defects, such as mutations in INSL3 or RXFP2, the cause of cryptorchidism remains unknown in most patients. Several animal and human studies are currently underway to test the hypothesis that in utero factors, including environmental and maternal lifestyle factors, may be involved in the etiology of cryptorchidism.

Overall, the etiology of isolated cryptorchidism seems to be complex and multifactorial, involving both genetic and nongenetic components. Communiquer en milieu interculturel Communicating in an Intercultural Environment. The articles, written in French, in this issue refer to research and intercultural practices with regard to confrontational situations between two or more cultural systems. The titles are as follows: Striding toward social justice: This article critically evaluates evidence and trends in disparities research within an ecologic framework, focusing on multilevel factors such as neighborhood and racial discrimination that influence physical activity.

Le pompage optique naturel dans le milieu astrophysique. The title of this lecture abstracts only a part of it: Another part of this talk underlines the role of Kastler in his time, and describes his warm personality through his public reactions in front of the nuclear armement, of the Viet-Nam and Algerian wars, of the problems of political refugees Kastler was a great scientist ; he was also a courageous humanist. Colloque sur le sujet ci-dessus. Enjoyment in nursing--experiences from the clinical milieu.

To present findings from a qualitative study which aimed to explore and describe experiences of enjoyment in nursing. The topic of 'enjoying nursing' is often part of job satisfaction surveys conducted in the workplace and in some studies it has been found to be the prime reason that nurses stay in the workforce. However, there is little research which explores the concept fully. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 17 nurses in a local health district in Sydney, Australia. Data from digitally recorded individual interviews were transcribed and the content was analysed for themes relating to aspects of nursing that were enjoyable and others that were not.

The major themes to emerge from the data describing enjoyment of nursing were: Themes that identified not enjoying nursing were related to the aggression of others, i. System issues referred mainly to the need for support from other nurses and management. Nurses still enjoy caring for patients and teaching others to care. This is the reason they remain in nursing even though the system and people are not always supportive or encouraging.

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