The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia in a cohort of healthy community-dwelling elderly in an urban area in Barcelona Spain for native benchmarks and compare them with those published in other geographical areas. We prospectively evaluated a series of healthy elderly in the community with preserved functional capacity and absence of cognitive impairment.
We performed a comprehensive geriatric assessment and determined anthropometric data, muscle mass MM and the muscle mass index MMI. Assessment of muscle mass was performed by bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA. The cut-off point for defining sarcopenia MMI was established as less than 2 SD of the mean of a reference group comprising healthy volunteers years in the same area.
The cut-off points obtained were 8. On comparison of the prevalence of sarcopenia in the four populations, we observed some differences, particularly in males. We have defined reference values for sarcopenia, determined by BIA, in our setting. We also observed a remarkable prevalence of sarcopenia in the healthy elderly community, especially in females, showing some differences from those in other geographical regions.
The impact of future summer temperature on public health in Barcelona and Catalonia, Spain. Several epidemiological studies have reported associations between increases in summer temperatures and risks of premature mortality. The quantitative implications of predicted future increases in summer temperature, however, have not been extensively characterized. We first used case-crossover analysis to estimate the association between temperature and mortality for each of these cities for the period to These exposure-response ER functions were then combined with local measures of current and projected changes in population, mortality and temperature for the years and Several different ER functions were examined and significant associations between temperature and mortality were observed for all four cities.
For , the estimate increases to 1, deaths per year during the warm season. In comparing these predicted impacts with current causes of mortality, they clearly represent significant burdens to public health in Catalonia. A new ichnotaxon, Lapillitubus montjuichensis n. This ichnotaxon consists of a horizontal to vertical, cylindrical burrow with an agglutinated lining exclusively composed of lithoclasts.
Lapillitubus montjuichensis is interpreted as the result of the burrowing activity of a deposit- or suspension-feeding annelid worm. This new ichnotaxon extends the record of the informal group known as clast-armored or agglutinated trace fossils. In order to know about the health of the population, it is necessary to perform a systematic and continuous analysis of their health status and social and economic health determinants. The objective of this paper is to describe the development and implementation of the Infobarris tool, which allows to visualize a wide battery of indicators and social determinants of health by neighbourhoods in the city of Barcelona Spain.
For the development of the Infobarris tool, we used an agile methodology that allows the development of a project in iterative and incremental stages, which are the following: Infobarris displays 64 indicators of health and its determinants through graphics, maps and tables, in a friendly, interactive and attractive way, which facilitates health surveillance in the neighbourhoods of Barcelona. Full Text Available This article is about the concept of the contemporary city - the influence that technology has when one thinks about, plans and lives in a city.
The conjunction of technology and city reformulates customs and social practices; it can even determine the way one constitutes one's own identity. One can see how close the relation is between technology specifically, TICS and the structures of the city in a wide variety of situations: The "22 Barcelona " project attempts to bring together different types of spaces. By combining the physical with the virtual, 22 Barcelona , as a neighborhood of City, creates an uncertain and blurred border between both spaces.
The article also examines the impact that these spaces have on the psycho-social processes involved in the daily life of a traditionally working-class neighborhood, now strongly limited by technological boundaries. To describe knowledge of electronic cigarettes e-cigarettes and their perceived harmfulness in the population of Barcelona in The field work was conducted between May and February Awareness of e-cigarette was The average level of knowledge was 4. Most participants had learned about e-cigarettes through traditional media Advertising of e-cigarettes in the media should be regulated because there is still scarce scientific evidence about the usefulness and harmful effects of these devices.
Almost delegates registered for the event, a record breaking figure compared to previous editions of the Symposium. Many of the most renowned world experts in LISA, Gravitational Wave Science, and Astronomy, as well as Engineers, attended LISA 7 and produced state-of-the-art presentations, while everybody benefited from the opportunity to have live discussions during the week in a friendly environment.
The programme included 31 invited plenary lectures in the mornings, and 8 parallel sessions in the afternoons. These were classified into 7 major areas of research: Up to 63 posters completed the scientific programme. More details on the programme, including some of the talks, can be found at the Symposium website: There was however a remarkable add-on: Professor Clifford Will delivered a startling presentation to the general public, who completely filled the Auditori—the main Conference Room, seats—and were invited to ask questions to the speaker who had boldly guided them through the daunting world of Black Holes, Waves of Gravity, and other Warped Ideas of.
To determine demand for special meals and their types for students with food allergies or intolerances FAI in school canteens in Barcelona Spain during the school year, and to ascertain the degree of implementation of self-assessment plans and preventive measures for the management of allergens, and the relationships between the application of such measures and other variables. The dependent variables collected data on the schools and students, the level of demand for special meals, and the implementation of preventive measures.
Independent variables consisted of canteen management, the number of users, and whether self-assessment plans were implemented. Student t-tests were used to compare the means of the indices with stratification by the independent variables. The mean of the indices was Externally managed canteens, with more users and with self-assessment plans, implemented more preventive measures for allergen management p Impact of immigration on the cost of emergency visits in Barcelona Spain.
Full Text Available Abstract Background The impact of immigration on health services utilisation has been analysed by several studies performed in countries with lower levels of immigration than Spain. These studies indicate that health services utilisation is lower among the immigrant population than among the host population and that immigrants tend to use hospital emergency services at the expense of primary care.
We aimed to quantify the relative over-utilisation of emergency services in the immigrant population. Methods Emergency visits to Hospital del Mar in Barcelona in and were analysed. The country of origin, gender, age, discharge-related circumstances hospital admission, discharge to home, or death, medical specialty, and variable cost related to medical care were registered. Immigrants were grouped into those from high-income countries IHIC and those from low-income countries ILIC and the average direct cost was compared by country of origin. A multivariate linear mixed model of direct costs was adjusted by country of origin classified in five groups and by the individual variables of age, gender, hospital admission, and death as a cause of discharge.
Medical specialty was considered as a random effect. Results With the exception of gynaecological emergency visits, costs resulting from emergency visits by both groups of immigrants were lower than those due to visits by the Spanish-born population. This effect was especially marked for emergency visits by adults. Conclusion Immigrants tend to use the emergency department in preference to other health services. No differences were found between IHIC and ILIC, suggesting that this result was due to the ease of access to emergency services and to lack of knowledge about the country's health system rather than to poor health status resulting from immigrants' socioeconomic position.
The use of costs as a variable of complexity represents an opportunistic use of a highly exhaustive registry. Effect of public transport strikes on air pollution levels in Barcelona Spain. Public transport strikes can lead to an increase of the number of private vehicle trips, which in turn can increase air pollution levels. We aimed to estimate the change in air pollution concentrations during public transport strikes in the city of Barcelona Spain.
Data on strikes of the metro, train or bus systems were collected from government records We fitted linear regression models for each pollutant with the strike indicator as an independent variable, and models were adjusted for day of the week, month, year, and holiday periods. During the study period, there were days affected by a strike of the metro 28 , train or bus 91 systems. Half of the strikes were partial, most of them were single-day strikes, there was little overlap between strikes of the different transport systems, and all strikes had to comply with mandatory minimal services.
When pooling all types of strikes, NOx and BC showed higher levels during strike days in comparison with non-strike days increase between 4. The increases in these concentrations were more evident during full day and multiday metro strikes.
In conclusion, alterations in public transport have consequences on air quality. This highlights the importance of public transport in reducing air pollution concentrations in cities. Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Spain. Study of compost maturity produced in the composting plant in Granollers Barcelona , Spain ; Estudio de la madurez del compost producido en la planta de compostaje de Granollers Barcelona.
The following article presents the determination of important parameters, which have been traditionally used in the evaluation of the compost maturity. Compost from a tunnel plant placed in Granollers Barcelona has been chosen during the maturation stage. The results showed that self-heating test and organic material content are the most significant maturity indexes, whereas Solvita differed from the rest of analysis. Other important parameters, such as ion exchange capacity, water content, conductivity and pH were also determined. The British Team at the 9th Paralympic Games in September in Barcelona comprised men and 54 women athletes in a total of 15 sports.
They were supported by a staff of 86 including a strong medical team. The athletes were selected from the National Championships of the five disability organizations: This article outlines the organization and experience of the medical support team. The team went on to achieve 40 gold, 47 silver and 41 bronze medals, maintaining third place on the medal table as achieved in Seoul in The structure is of reinforced concrete with flat floors without beams and the curtain walls of prefabricated pieces and artificial stone.
An attempt has been made, and we consider the aim to have been achieved to construct a well planned and well balanced tall building, viewed from close by as well as from a distance. Se ha pretendido, y consideramos logrado, el doble efecto de un rascacielos humano que se aprecia ponderado y equilibrado, tanto si se mira desde lejos como si se contempla desde cerca.
As in previous editions, it brought together researchers working in experimental and theoretical Particle and Astroparticle Physics. More than seventy physicists from several countries participated in the Meeting. General talks, most recent results and time for physics discussions were considered in the program.
In parallel to the development of the Meeting several other events took place. In addition we had the last day a special seminar in the honour of the 60th anniversary of Professor Yndurain. Yndurain played a leading role in the development of High Energy Physics in Spain and all over he was one of the founders of the International Meeting on Fundamental Physics in in those days called International Winter Meeting on Fundamental Physics.
The efficient assistance of M. Fatas in the organization of the conference is warmly appreciated. Pascual for helping us to find the excellent hotel Calipolis where the meeting took place. We are deeply indebted to M. We also thank J. Lopez for their effort in the preparation of these proceedings and finally to p. Seoane for the design of the poster, advertisements and the logo of the Meeting. Knowledge, attitude and perceptions of breast cancer screening among native and immigrant women in Barcelona , Spain.
Inequalities between immigrant and native populations in terms of access and use of health services have been described. The objective is to compare knowledge, attitudes, vulnerabilities, benefits and barriers related to breast cancer BC and screening mammography among women from different countries resident in Barcelona. A cross-sectional survey carried out in Barcelona in The study population consisted of female residents in Barcelona between 45 and 69 years of age; participants were Spanish nationals or immigrants from low-income countries. The dependent variables were five quantitative scales: The independent variables were country of origin, social class, setting, cohabitation, age, mammography use, length of residence and fluency of the language.
Analyses compared scale scores stratified by the independent variables. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to determine the relationship between the scales and the independent variables. We observed inequalities according to country of origin on all scales after adjustment for independent variables.
Chinese women presented the greatest differences with respect to native women, followed by Maghrebi and Filipino women. The key SAPUSS objective is to deduce aerosol source characteristics and to understand the atmospheric processes responsible for their generations and transformations — both horizontally and vertically in the Mediterranean urban environment. In order to achieve so, the unique approach of SAPUSS is the concurrent measurements of aerosols with multiple techniques occurring simultaneously in six monitoring sites around the city of Barcelona NE Spain: SAPUSS allows us to advance our knowledge sensibly of the atmospheric chemistry and physics of the urban Mediterranean environment.
This is well achieved only because of both the three dimensional spatial scale and the high sampling time resolution used. The different meteorology of such regimes is herein described. Additionally, we report the trends of the parameters regulated by air quality purposes both gaseous and aerosol mass concentrations; and we also compare the six monitoring sites. High levels of traffic-related gaseous pollutants were measured at the urban ground level monitoring sites, whereas layers of tropospheric ozone were recorded at tower levels.
The examination of the vertical profiles clearly shows the predominant influence of NOx on ozone. This volume is a compilation of the research presented at the International Asteroid Day workshop which was celebrated at Barcelona on June 30th, International Asteroid Day commemorates the Tunguska event of June 30th, Multidisciplinary experts contributed to this discussion by describing the nature of comets and asteroids along with their offspring, meteoroids.
The proceedings include both an outreach level to popularize impact hazards and a scientific character which covers the latest knowledge on these topics, as well as offeri Synoptic analysis of heat waves in the Barcelona city Catalonia, Spain during 21st century.
The impact of extremely warm episodes on health has been analysed by a large number of studies conducted in different countries and cities, showing that heat waves events HWE can cause an abrupt increase in mortality. The aim of this study is to identify synoptic patterns associated to HWE in Barcelona over the 21st century and evaluate the impact and possible mitigations. To achieve it, a multivariate analysis MVA integrating different atmospheric levels sea level pressure, temperature at hPa and geopotential at hPa was undertaken.
The observed data used for this study was the 20th Century Reanalysis. The model was calibrated given the variability in the climate scenario, using the Quantile-Quantile mapping transformation Q-Q. The MVA applied to the observed period distinguish three main synoptic patterns: These patterns were also detected in the control simulated period after the Q-Q calibration, preserving, therefore, the climatic variability: In the RCP 4.
Substance use among medical students in Barcelona Spain. A comparison with previous surveys. During the academic year , a survey on drug consumption was conducted among medical students in Barcelona. There was a high proportion of smokers in both sexes. Alcohol consumption was four times higher among men than women; high proof beverages were becoming the most common drinks. Coffee was the caffeine drink consumed by almost the whole population studied.
Although cannabis derivatives had been tried at least once by almost all the students, regular consumers were almost non-existent. Amphetamine consumption was restricted to examination periods. The use of opiates, cocaine, hallucinogens, and solvents was rare for the sample. Results from this study are compared with those from similar surveys conducted 5 and 10 years ago. Some delegates from 53 countries attended the conference, whose main concern was Physics Teacher Education beyond All contributions had to made in English.
A conference like this needs to be singularly interesting to keep delegates away from the sunsoaked attractions and delights of one of the most exciting cities in the world - even if some of the excitement comes from wondering whether or not you are going to get your pocket picked. A typical conference day begins with two or three plenary lectures in the morning, with the afternoon given over to a set of nine parallel sessions.
These sessions consisted of tightly timetabled 20 minute talks or other types of presentation. The event was organized by Catalonian locals working at the conference site, the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , and was superbly smooth. The list of organizations supporting the conference is too long to record, but ranged from the European Commission to Barcelona Science Museum. These contain a great deal of wisdom, plus the fair amount of infuriating rubbish that tends to be generated by educational research. I write here with all the prejudices of an aged ex-teacher, of course.
The first morning lecture was given by Jon Ogborn, who used his recent work as organizer of the IoP post Initiative to give some details of the Advancing Physics AS and A2 and make some general points about. Smoking is a preventable cause of early death and the habit starts in adolescence. The aim of this study was to describe tobacco consumption in secondary school students in and trends in the last 20 years in Barcelona.
Studio shootings were performed at the Estudios Baires, in Don Torcuato. Information was obtained pertaining to support for indoor and outdoor smoking bans on university campuses, and the importance of acting as role models. Se presentan los resultados estratificados por tipo de establecimiento. Almost half of them, 32 cases, were reported between July and September. The last outbreak of yellow fever in the city of Barcelona , Spain , was caused by a ship arriving from Cuba. Once the woman has left, Ana enters her father's bedroom and finds the man dead, apparently from a heart attack. Smoking is a preventable cause of early death and the habit starts in adolescence.
We analyzed the trend in tobacco consumption by comparing data from 8 surveys carried out between and in the 8th 2nd year of Compulsory Secondary Education , 10th 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education and 12th 2nd year of Compulsory Secondary Education years of secondary school. Data on regular and daily consumption and associated factors in were gathered and compared with those corresponding to the previous studies.
Percentages of annual change were calculated with Joinpoint regression and data were stratified by sex and year of education. A strong association was noted between regular smoking and cannabis consumption in three school years, as well as with having friends who were smokers and poor school performance. At years old, the average annual decrease from to was 6. Adolescent smoking has been decreasing in the last few years in Barcelona.
There is a strong association between tobacco use and cannabis consumption. Patterns of physical activity and associated factors among teenagers from Barcelona Spain in We estimated MVPA prevalence overall, and for each independent variable and each gender. This percentage was lower among girls at both academic levels. Physical activity was associated with positive self-perception of the health status e. Strategies are needed to increase MVPA levels, particularly in older girls, and students from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
Toxic assessment of urban atmospheric particle-bound PAHs: Relevance of composition and particle size in Barcelona Spain. Zebrafish embryotoxicity and dioxin-like activity levels were tested for particulate air samples from an urban background site in Barcelona Spain. Samples were collected during 14 months, and maximal values for both biological activities corresponded to samples collected during late autumn months, correlating with elevated PAH levels.
Vehicle and combustion emissions appeared as the potentially most toxic sources, whereas total PM mass and mineral content appeared to be poor predictors of the biological activity of the samples. Samples simultaneously collected at different particle size cut-offs 10, 2. Our results support the need for a tighter control on sub-micron particle emissions and show that total PM mass and, particularly, PM 10 , may not fully characterize the toxic potential of air samples.
Full Text Available Abstract: This paper looks at the role that bullfighting and FC Barcelona have played in the growing independence movement in Catalonia. I conclude that bullfighting and soccer have been used by political parties and those associated with the nationalist movement to foster feelings of difference with Spain. These feelings have been passed from the top down to the Catalan people and risk alienating those who are not in agreement with the nationalist movement. Factores relacionados con el acoso escolar bullying en los adolescentes de Barcelona Factors related to bullying in adolescents in Barcelona Spain.
Full Text Available Objetivos: En este estudio se describe el acoso escolar y los factores relacionados en estudiantes de Barcelona. Estudio transversal de una muestra representativa de 2. Violence and bullying in the school setting are a serious social and health problem that have created great alarm in the last few years. We aimed to describe bullying and factors related to this phenomenon in students in the city of Barcelona.
We performed a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 2, students. Contribution of ecosystem services to air quality and climate change mitigation policies: Mounting research highlights the contribution of ecosystem services provided by urban forests to quality of life in cities, yet these services are rarely explicitly considered in environmental policy targets.
We quantify regulating services provided by urban forests and evaluate their contribution to comply with policy targets of air quality and climate change mitigation in the municipality of Barcelona , Spain. We apply the i-Tree Eco model to quantify in biophysical and monetary terms the ecosystem services "air purification," "global climate regulation," and the ecosystem disservice "air pollution" associated with biogenic emissions. Our results show that the contribution of urban forests regulating services to abate pollution is substantial in absolute terms, yet modest when compared to overall city levels of air pollution and GHG emissions.
We conclude that in order to be effective, green infrastructure-based efforts to offset urban pollution at the municipal level have to be coordinated with territorial policies at broader spatial scales. It contains type specimens belonging to different taxa. In this paper we provide all the available information related to these type specimens. We therefore provide the following information for each taxon, species or subspecies: Moreover, the differences between original descriptions and labels are discussed.
When a taxonomic change has occurred, the references that examine those changes are included at the end of the taxa description. Life cycle assessment of two biowaste management systems for Barcelona , Spain. A life cycle assessment LCA is performed in this study in order to evaluate the environmental implications of the management of the fermentable fraction of waste in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area BMA , comparing the present management system with the system proposed for the future. The energy and water consumption were quantified, as well as the used area and the emissions to the atmosphere and water.
The software TRACI was used in order to assess the potential impact on the categories of acidification, eutrophication, toxicity and harm to the human health under the criteria of cancer, non-cancer and pollutants , global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, formation of photochemical smog, water use, land use and fossil fuel use.
The results show that the management system proposed for the future reduces 7 out of the 12 potential impacts analyzed, due mainly to the change in the technology of landfill baling-wrapping landfill. However, this system requires of further research to assess the impacts on a long term. The worst option for biowaste management is the traditional landfill, based on the multibarrier concept.
The results of this work suggest that the future biowaste management system is better in environmental terms than the present system. Weathering patinas on the medieval S. The first step in the restoration of a medieval stained glass window is the evaluation of its degree of degradation. This implies the study of the chemical composition of the stained glass as well as the new mineral phases developed on its surface patinas.
Patinas are clearly related to glass composition, time, environmental conditions, microenvironments developed in local zones, bioactivity, physical and chemical factors, etc. This study was carried out on patinas developed in selected Na-rich stained glass of the Santa Maria de Pedralbes Monastery Barcelona , Spain. The location of this monument in the city about 5 km from the shoreline and close to the Collserola hill flank helped to determine the environmental conditions in which patinas developed.
The aim of our study was to characterize the patinas formed on the surface of the selected glass of this monastery in order to understand the role of the chemical composition of the original glass Na-rich as well as the environmental conditions in which they developed. Powdered samples of two different color-type patinas ochre-orange and brownish were collected in the external and internal parts of the stained glass windows of the Prebystery and Chapter House of the Pedralbes Monastery by using a precision odontological drill.
XRD analyses evidenced the presence of sulfates gypsum and thenardite , calcite, Ca-oxalates whewellite and weddellite , and quartz forming part of the patinas. Although these mineral phases can be found in both color-type patinas, whewellite and thenardite are more common in the ochre-orange patinas. The results obtained were validated by the FTIR measurements. It has been observed, when thenardite is present, that gypsum occurs as traces. Thenardite is in most of the cases associated with whewellite and mainly occurs in the internal parts of the glass.
Epidemiological characteristics and predictors of late presentation of HIV infection in Barcelona Spain during the period The aim of the present study was to assess prevalence, describe trends and identify factors associated with late presentation of HIV infection in Barcelona Spain during the period Methods Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of cases reported to the Barcelona HIV surveillance system were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors of late presentation. A total of 1, The proportion of late presentation was Independent risk factors for late presentation were older age at diagnosis p Conclusion Late presentation of HIV is still too frequent in all transmission groups in spite of a strong commitment with HIV prevention in our city.
We interviewed with a questionnaire a sample of residents of childbearing age. We interviewed 10 Roma residents and three health professionals to explore aspects of contraception, family and roles. We performed a narrative analysis of discourse from the recorded texts. With regard to the non-Roma population, more Roma women used tubal ligation ORa: Roma men used withdrawal more frequently ORa: Both communities used emergency contraception and health services.
In the Roma population, contraception and reproduction are in the hands of women. As abortion is culturally penalized in the Roma population, women use it, but they face it alone. Gender emerged as a cross-cutting determinant in all issues explored. In the Roma population reproductive control and contraception remain the responsibility of women. Once the family is complete, Roma women use long-term contraception.
Both populations use health services. Oral health care activities performed by caregivers for institutionalized elderly in Barcelona-Spain. To describe the frequency of brushing teeth and cleaning of dentures, performed by caregivers, for institutionalized elderly people. A cross-sectional study in a sample of caregivers of 31 health centers in Barcelona. The dependent variables were frequency of dental brushing and frequency of cleaning of dentures of the elderly by caregivers.
The independent variables were characteristics of caregivers and institutions. We performed bivariate and multivariate descriptive analyses. Robust Poisson regression models were fitted to determine factors associated with the dependent variables and to assess the strength of the association. The variables explaining the lower frequency of brushing teeth by caregivers for the elderly, adjusted for the workload, were: The variables that explain the lower frequency of cleaning dentures, adjusted for the workload, were lack of training in elderly care PRa 1.
The majority of caregivers perform activities of oral health care for the elderly at least once per day. The frequency of this care depends mainly on whether caregivers are trained to perform these activities, the importance given to oral health, the workload of caregivers and the existence of institutional protocols on oral health of institutionalized elderly persons. Ergonomics and musculoskeletal pain among postgraduate students and faculty members of the School of Dentistry of the University of Barcelona Spain.
To evaluate the intensity and location of musculoskeletal pain suffered by students and professors from different postgraduate programs of the School of Dentistry of the University of Barcelona Spain , to identify the variables related to the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms and signs, and to establish possible preventive measures for such disorders.
A cross-sectional study was made among students and faculty members from different postgraduate course Advances in urea cycle neuroimaging: Proceedings from the 4th International Symposium on urea cycle disorders, Barcelona , Spain , September While characterization of mutations can be achieved in most cases, this information does not necessarily predict the severity of the underlying neurological syndrome.
The biochemical consequences of any mutation may be modified additionally by a large number of factors, including contributions of other enzymes and transport systems that mediate flux through the urea cycle, diet and other environmental factors. These factors likely vary from one patient to another, and they give rise to heterogeneity of clinical severity. Affected cognitive domains include non-verbal learning, fine motor processing, reaction time, visual memory, attention, and executive function. Deficits in these capacities may be seen in symptomatic patients, as well as asymptomatic carriers with normal IQ and correlate with variances in brain structure and function in these patients.
Using neuroimaging we can identify biomarkers that reflect the downstream impact of UCDs on cognition. This manuscript is a summary of the presentation from the 4th International Consortium on urea cycle disorders held in, Barcelona , Spain , September 2, Monitoring the occurrence of emerging contaminants in treated wastewater and groundwater between and The Baix Llobregat Barcelona , Spain.
The occurrence of emerging compounds and four heavy metals Cd, Ni, Hg and Pb in treated wastewater and groundwater has been monitored at the Llobregat delta Barcelona , Spain over a period of 3 years. Analysis was performed in tertiary treated wastewater TWW , after an additional treatment of ultrafiltration reverse osmosis and UV disinfection, and groundwater from a deep confined aquifer.
This aquifer is artificially recharged with TWW through injection wells. Not all active compounds found in the TWW were present in groundwater, indicating possible degradation within the aquifer media after the injection. Determination of the minor disinfection by-products formed in the water plant of Sant Joan Despi Barcelona , Spain ; Determinacion de los subproductos de desinfeccion minoritarios formados en la planta de Sant Joan Despi Barcelona.
The ostensible aim of this project was to regenerate Spain through the awakening of a new sense of national identity. The first episode was called Trafalgar and appeared in However, the public bought them avidly, despite the criticism that was levelled at his other works, and they remained the basis of his contemporary reputation and income.
He conducted an enormous amount of research in the writing of these stories because official reports, newspaper accounts and histories were often rigidly partisan. His novels display a detailed knowledge of not only Madrid but many other cities, towns and villages of Spain — such as Toledo in Angel Guerra. He visited the UK on many occasions, his first trip being in The descriptions of the various districts and low-life characters that he encountered in Madrid, particularly in Fortunata y Jacinta , are similar to the approaches of Dickens and the French Realist novelists such as Balzac.
In addition, these writers were keen to suggest that their works were scientific dissections of society. However, it is also clear that the mystical tendencies of krausismo led to his interest in insanity and the strange wisdom that can sometimes be shown by those people who appear to be mad. He attacked what he saw as abuses of entrenched and dogmatic religious power rather than religious faith or Christianity per se.
In fact, the need for faith is a very important feature in many of his novels and there are many sympathetic portraits of priests and nuns. His first mature play was Realidad , an adaptation of his novel of the same name, which had been written in dialogue. Rehearsals began in February The theatre was packed on the opening night and received the play enthusiastically. The Catholic press did not attend the performance but this did not prevent them from denouncing the author as a perverse and wicked influence.
The play ran for twenty nights.
In , his play Electra caused a storm of outrage and floods of equally hyperbolic enthusiasm. The performance was interrupted by audience reaction and the author had to take many curtain calls. Amazon Drive Cloud storage from Amazon. Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally. Amazon Inspire Digital Educational Resources. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go.
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