Горький запах осеннего леса

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Its smell is woody with earthy and spicy nuances. Agarwood is reputed to be the most expensive wood in the world. There are many names for the resinous, fragrant heartwood produced primarily by trees in the genus Aquilaria. Most commonly, the resin is known as agarwood, aloeswood, eaglewood, gaharu, agalocha or oudh In Arabic. Red Virginia cedar Juniperus virginiana , Texas cedar Juniperus mexicana , and Chinese cedar C hamaecyparis funebris are the main sources of cedarwood oil used in perfumery today.

This tree contains chemical components responsible for enchanting scent of woody and ambery types of fragrances. Cedarwood is very aromatic and known to be a natural repellent to moths and other insects. For this reason, it is often used for chests that store clothing and blankets, and for shoe trees that can absorb moisture and de-odorise. The origin of the name points out to the native land of this herb, stemming from the Dravidian language spoken mostly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. The plant was brought to the Middle East along the silk route, and it was thanks to the famous conqueror Napoleon Bonaparte that patchouli reached Europe.

Napoleon brought to France a couple of patchouli-scented cashmere shawls that he found in Egypt. The shawls were redolent of patchouli oil, which was used to repel insects and protect them from moths, but the origin of the scent was held as closely guarded secret. Wonderful patterns of the oriental fabrics have soon become easy to replicate, but sneaky European manufacturers were still forced to import the fragrant oil from the East. There are also many cedar-smelling synthetics in use. Sandalwood oil gives a sweet and woody fragrance and is one of the most valuable ingredients.

Sandalwood is obtained from the trees of the genus Santalum. The wood is heavy and yellow in color, as well as fine-grained. It retains its fragrance for a long time. Sandalwood has been valued for its fragrance, carving, medical and religious qualities. Guaiac Wood is a small tree that is also known as guayacan. Guaiac Wood is one of the hardest and most resilient woods in the world. This wood has been used by Native Americans since 16th century in treatment of severe ailments such as herpes and syphilis. Guaiac Wood is typically used for engraving work and for the making of durable wooden posts.

Its heartwood is brown, black or green, with elegant streaks. It also provides high-quality charcoal and a good timber. Strawberry is a fruit of Fragaria, a lovely genus of plants tightly related to the rose family. The best known example of this kind is the Garden Strawbery, botanically known as fragaria ananassa, the most commonly grown among more than 20 cultivated species. This red and juicy, sweet-acidulous fruit has a distinctive smell of fruity-green and a bit even caramel, with sublime flowery and spicy nuances.

The fruit forms from the soft white flowers with crown petals, from which the plentitude of strawberries develop. All garden strawberries originate from the green fields and woods of wild nature. The first garden strawberries were cultivated in Brittany and France, starting from midth century.

Strawberries are relatively easy to grow. They do not require any kind of special conditions and they usually reproduce quickly and require just a little bit of free space in your garden. A special sort called fragaria vescana is even obtained by crossing garden strawberries with wild ones.

Many different species of strawberries have different numbers of chromosomes. The species with the largest number of chromosomes bear the largest fruits. When these luscious and juicy fruits appear on the market there is no doubt that Spring has finally taken root. Everyone looks forward to strawberries, not only because people enjoy in their sweetness, but also because they represent a beautiful introduction to summer.

Strawberries captivate our senses with their exciting, sweet and thrilling scent, offering plenty of vitamins, proteins and minerals, which are so important to our health. This lovely fruit is also beneficial for our nervous system, calming and strengthening the mind, while fighting sleeplessness and stress. The blueberry is a flowering perennial shrub native to North American and cultivated in Europe starting in the s. The shrub's bell-shaped, white-to-red flowers give way to the small sweet berries that turn a deep shade of blue when ripe. The fruit is valued for its sweet flavor and high nutritional value.

Rich in vitamins and minerals, loaded with fiber, but lower in sugar than many other fruits, the blueberry is widely consumed as whole fruit as well as used in jams, juices, cereals, snack foods and wine. The typically black fruit is prized for its juiciness and soft texture, and is used frequently in jams, desserts and wine. The fruits are also high in antioxidants, high in fiber and lower in calories than many other fruits, making them a popular and nutritious treat.

Unripe blackberries are red in color, and honey produced from the blossoms of blackberry shrub is darker in color. Black currant seed oil is also rich in many nutrients, especially in vitamin E, and is a natural source of both omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha linolenic acid or ALA and omega-6 gamma linoleic acid GLA. Both promote cardiovascular health.

All parts of the plant can be used in tinctures and have high anti-inflammatory properties. It's good for helping fight colds, bronchitis, headache, stomachache, etc. Yuzu is a Japanese citrus. Its bitter dry aroma reminds of grapefruit and is of incredibly high quality. It matches well the other citrus oils, as it prolongs their, often short-lasting, odor. Lemon Verbena is a flowering plant that grows as a m high shrub.

The botanical name of the plant is Aloysia citrodora and it belongs to the verbena family Verbenaceae. The plant has a long glossy leaves that produce a lemon-like scent when rubbed. Lemon Verbena blooms in late Spring or early Summer, when tiny white-lilac flowers appear along the stem. The leaves of the plant are commonly used for flavoring of fish and poultry, for marinades, dressings and various beverages.

Citruses are flowering plants of the family Rutaceae, typically evergreen, spiny shrubs of trees. The best known exemplars of citruses are lemons, oranges, grapefruits and limes. Citruses are cultivated since ancient times and prized for their edible fruits - known as agrumes - covered with leathery rind from the outside, and filled with juicy flesh from the inside.

The rind is full of fragrant flavonoids and limonoids, while the juice contains high levels of citric acid, which lends sharp and refreshing flavor to the fruit. Lime is a citrus fruit similar to green lemon. Its odor is dryer, lighter and sweeter than of the lemon, and at the same time more intensive. It is often used together with lemon in the top notes of fragrance compositions. Just to mention that lime is one of the main components of Coca Cola.

Lemon is a small thorny tree with bright yellow citrusy fruits, cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The lemon we consume today is a cultivated species and most likely a hybrid between lime and citron. The distinctive taste of lemon makes it a main ingredient in many dishes in various cuisines from all around the world, and an excellent natural remedy for various ailments. Bergamot orange Citrus aurantium var.

It is a cross between pear lemon and Seville orange or grapefruit. Production of bergamot is mostly limited to the Ioanion, coastal region of the province of Reggio Calabria, South Italy, where the soil and climatic conditions are very favourable for its cultivation. It is also cultivated in Ivory Coast, Argentina and Brazil, but in no other part of the world does it fructify with the same yield and quality of essence.

Bergamot is named after Italian city of Bergamo, in which its oil was first sold, and it has become a symbol of the entire region and city. This fruit is not edible and is cultivated for production of its essential oil. The essential oil of bergamot is expressed from the ripe fruit peel and is used extensively in perfumery for its sweet freshness. Bergamot oil is also used for flavouring purposes, e. Earl Grey tea and the so called althea drops, candy-making, in aroma therapy to treat depression, and also as digestive aid. Zest is used to add flavor "zest" to foods. The amounts of both flavedo and pith are variable among citrus fruits, and may be adjusted by the manner in which they are prepared.

Citrus peel may be used fresh, dried, candied, or pickled in salt. Bitter Orange, also known as Seville orange Bigarade orange , is one of the many types of oranges, and one the most important citruses used in modern perfume industry. Bitter orange is a main source of orange blossom and neroli extracts, prized for their delicious fragrance and wonderful and fresh bitter-sweet citrusy aroma. Bitter Orange grows in warm parts of the world, but the best quality oil is produced of peel from Spanish and Guinean orange.

The odor of bitter orange is fresh, tart and hot and bitter. Mandarin orange is a juicy citrus fruit also known as mandarin or mandarine. The botanical name for this tropical and sub-tropical plant is Citrus reticulate. Mandarins originate from China, where they have been historically regarded as a symbol of good fortune, having a significant sacral meaning in Chinese New Year celebrations. Neroli oil has beautiful aromatic fragrance that leans a bit towards fresh and green petitgrain. This intensively orange-colored variance of mandarin was named after the port Tangier of Tanger French in Morocco, from which it was exported to Europe in for the first time.

At the beginning the fruit was called 'tangerine orange' just like the 'mandarin orange' , but then the name was cut just to tangerine. The tangerine is the same fruit as mandarin, only it is cultivated in Morocco. Lemon tree is a small evergreen tree native to Asia.

Lemon tree is grown for its yellow fruit that is rich in a zest refreshing juice, which is a key ingredient in many drinks and foods. In the early days, lemon was mainly used as ornamental plant and for medicine, but today it is used in aromatherapy, for cleansing, as a deodorizer and even to produce electricity for low power "lemon batteries.

Litsea Cubeba is an evergreen shrub or tree native to China. The essential oil is extracted from fruits and sometimes leaves. The oil possesses a lemon-like odor. Orange is a citrus fruit and a hybrid between pomelo and mandarin. This evergreen flowery tree is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. Also known as the sweet orange, this tree delivers a delicious sweet fruit hesperidium fruit, which is actually a type of berry.

Most commonly, the fruit of orange is eaten out of hand or processed to extract the orange juice. This hybrid species had been first cultivated in southern China and Europeans became acquainted with it in the 11th century, and used it widely for medical purposes. Italian traders have spread the seed to the Mediterranean area in mid 15th century, and since then the sweet orange has rapidly spread all around the globe, being quickly adopted as a delicious juicy fruit. The sailors from the Old Continent planted Oranges along their trade routes to prevent scurvy - same as the pirates of the Caribbean used lemon and rum, to make their favorite alcoholic beverage and a natural remedy called Grog.

People of the freshly discovered Americas have introduced rum to the old Europe, while Europeans Christopher Columbus himself! Talking of its nativity, marjoram is native to Southern Europe, North Africa and Asia minor and is cultivated throughout Europe and Mediterranean region as well as North and South Africa. Currently, Egypt is said to be the largest producer of Marjoram. Bay leaves are the aromatic leaves of the bay laurel, an aromatic evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean.

Fresh leaves have minimal flavor, but whole dried leaves are commonly used in soups, sauces and stews in Italian, North American and Asian dishes.

The dried leaves impart a mild herbaceous taste to a dish but they must be removed prior to serving, as they retain sharp edges that can damage the digestive tract. Bay leaves are also valued for their use as a natural insect repellent in kitchens and pantries. Coriander is popular as a scented stimulating substance and also an important culinary spice.

It has been cultivated in different parts of the world for thousands of years now and is said to be one of the oldest known herbs, it can be traced as far back as 5, B. Coriander has been in wide use in the Middle East, Asia, and southern Europe, and also its origin can be traced back to ancient Egypt. The Romans took coriander with them to Britain. Licorice is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra and it is commonly used as a medicine and for food production. Licorice is also known as "sweet root" because it contains a chemical compounds named anethole and glycyrrhizin, which is about 50 times sweeter than sugar.

The aroma of licorice is similar to those of anise, star anise, tarragon, sassafras, and fennel. The plant is native to Europe and Asia and used all over the world to treat various illnesses including hepatitis, tuberculosis, endocrine dysfunctions, for healing stomach, etc. The root is harvested in autumn, two to three years after planting. The extract is produced by boiling the root and evaporating the water and it is available as a syrup as well as in a solid form.

Fragrances belonging in the Oriental family of scents often comprise spicy notes that come from exotic parts of the world, usually the Middle and Far East: Indian Spices include a great variety of spices that are grown all across the Indian subcontinent. The most famous of all Indian spices — curry — actually isn't a spice at all. Curry is a term that refers to any side dish in Indian cuisine, and it typically blends several different spices into one mixture.

Indian spices are responsible for distinctive and delicious nature of Indian cuisine which stems from the unique blend of herbs and exotic flavors. Along with cardamom and turmeric, ginger is a tropical plant from the Ginger family Zingiberaceae. People fell in love with ginger hundreds of years ago and now it is cultivated in Africa, South America, Malaysia and Caribbean countries, Nepal, Japan, etc. The major products from star anise are the seeds fruit , which are the spice. They are used as flavouring in a wide range of food and drinks including, chewing gum, baked goods, gelatine, meat and meat products, liqueurs and brandies.

If you are in Vietnam and digging in Vietnamese noodles, Pho, you can easily tell from the taste that it has been flavoured with star anise and true is that it is used as a major ingredient in Pho. The dried ripe fruit is also found in pot-pourris. The genus includes three or more species. Vanilla Bourbon comes from Madagascar, an island in the Indian Ocean, which is considered to be the biggest producer of vanilla, as they produce 1, tons of pods per year, Comoro Islands and Reunion islands.

The same variant is grown in Africa and Indonesia. It was named after the former name of the Reunion Island, Bourbon, a name given in honor of the royal house. Bourbon vanilla is the same Vanilla planifolia, but the new and different conditions of production by all means affect the quality of taste and smell.

Featured prominently in Piper Negrum by L. It is native to the East originating in the forests of the Western Ghats in southern India, where it grows wild. Cardamom was well known in ancient times and the Egyptians used it in perfumes and incense and chewed it to whiten their teeth, while the Romans used it for their stomachs when they over-indulged. Vikings came upon cardamom about one thousand years ago, in Constantinople, and introduced it into Scandinavia, where it remains popular to this day.

Pink pepper, also called "pink peppercorns" baies roses in French , is a kind of pepper obtained from the berries of the species Schinus molle and of the related Schinus terebinthifolius, originally a South American tree Brazil, Peru It's known ever since the 5th century, according to historical data, but never as popular as it is now.

Tonka Bean is one of the most common ingredients in perfumery. These black, wrinkled seeds of the Dipteryx odorata often mentioned as "cumaru" or "kumaru" are also found in numerous other products such as soaps or tobacco, where they are used to improve aroma. Cumaru belongs to the Fabriceae family of plants and it is native to South America. Black pepper essential oil is stimulating, warming, comforting and cheerful. The quality of pepper is contributed to by two components. Piperine that contributes the pungency and volatile oil that is responsible for the aroma and flavor.

Cloves are dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. Cloves are prized as spices because of their warm, sweet and aromatic taste. Cloves grown on the evergreen clove tree and they are picked unopened, while the flower buds are stil pinkish. When the clove buds dry, they turn brown in color. This spice is native to Indonesia, but it is now used in all cuisines of the world. They are very fragrant and aromatic, often used as incense, for production of perfumes and as an ant repeller. Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of the cinnamon tree. The spice is used in both sweet and savory foods, and it has bin prized for centuries not only for its unique flavor but also for aphrodisiac properties.

Cinnamon has been known for centuries. Egyptians have used it since BC, but the spice probably originates from China. It belongs to one of the world's most healthiest foods, and was used since antiquity not only as an important ingredient of folk medicine, but also as an embalming agent. Polarizing, it can highlight a fragrance creation like no other and is nowadays often used to render an intimate, animalic note in abscence of animalics. Nutmeg has a spicy sweet facet with earthy and more pungent base notes, and is used to provide an oriental spiciness that is subtler than the usual cinnamon-clove-vanilla bouquet of orientals, thus perfect for masculines and lighter woodies.

Vanilla, known long ago to Indians of Middle America, came to, together with cocoa and other until then unknown fruits of the New World, win hearts of gourmands around the world since the discovery of America. Mayas, and later on Aztecs, called vanilla "tlilxochitl" and used it mainly for their royal chocolate drinks.

Europeans discovered and came to like vanilla back in 17th century. They used it as a cur for man diseases, and due to its smell and taste, as an additive to food and drinks. Vanilla was, for a good reason, considered an powerful aphrodisiac. It is a flowering plant of the Valerian family that grows in the Himalayas. It is a source of a type of intensely aromatic amber-colored essential oil, spikenard. The oil has, since ancient times, been used as a perfume, as a medicine and in religious contexts.

It is also called spikenard, nardin or muskroot. The plant grows to about 1 m in height and has pink, bell-shaped flowers. It is found in the altitude of about — meters. Rhizomes underground stems can be crushed and distilled into an intensely aromatic amber-colored essential oil, which is very thick in consistency. Nard oil is used as a perfume, an incense, a sedative, and an herbal medicine said to fight insomnia, birth difficulties, and other minor ailments. Hay is grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep.

Hay is also fed to pets such as rabbits and guinea pigs. Pigs may be fed hay, but they do not digest it as efficiently as more fully herbivorous animals. Leaf of wild strawberry.

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Wild strawberry leaf comes from a trailing plant that spreads out low to the ground on horizontal runners. The leaves appear in groups of three on hairy stems that are cm high. They are deep green with toothed edges and reach 5cm across. Wild strawberry leaves are best foraged in the spring when they are at their aromatic peak. They have fruity strawberry nuances with fresh grassy herbal notes and a mildly astringent finish. Immortelle produces a fascinating, rich, multi-layered, sexy, desireable, satisfying aroma.

Juniper Berries are female seed cones produced by the juniper plant of the cypress family. Even though we call them berries, and they resemble the forest fruits, juniper berries are cones covered with fleshy scales - green when young, and purple-black when mature. Juniper berries are commonly used as spice, lightly crushed, fresh and dried. Juniper is also used to flavor gin and as a natural remedy for rheumatism and arthritis. An essential oil extracted from juniper berries is very fragrant and used in perfumery and aromatherapy. Interesting thing is that the essential oil can be obtained from berries that have already been used to flavor the gin.

The six major types of maize are dent, flint, pod, popcorn, flour, and sweet. Juniper is coniferous plant in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family. Junipers vary in size, ranging from small shrubs to tall trees. The berries are very aromatic and they are typically used as a spice. Juniper berries are used as flavoring in gin.

Clary sage, also known as clary or Salvia sclerea is a biennial or perennial herbaceous plant native to northern Mediterranean. The plant is usually 3 to 4 ft tall and it grows thick square stems covered in hairs. The flowers of the plant appear in verticils, ranging in color from pale mauve to lilac or white to pink. The herb has been used as a medical herb throughout centuries, but it is currently grown exclusively for its essential oil which finds its use in perfumery and as a muscatel flavoring for vermouths, wines, and liqueurs.

Basil is a member of the mint family, best known around the world for its use in Italian cuisine, though it is commonly used in many Asian cuisines as well. Originating in India, more than varieties of the plant exist around the world, ranging from green to purple in color. Most varieties used in cooking import a green, anisic flavor to the dish. Basil has a long history in folk medicine and has religious significance in some cultures. The pliability and versatility of this fragrance note is legendary, accounting for a sweet and fresh facet that rises up from the bottom onto the heart of the fragrance, lingering on the skin for hours and enriching a perfume composition via its scent magic.

Green notes are fresh and lively and they are used to make a fragrance feel crisp and sharp. Green notes very often include green leaves, tea leaves, the essence of freshly cut grass and even some marine plants. Green notes are most commonly used in sporty fragrances and summertime editions of popular perfumes. The Tea Camellia sinensis L. This cultivated taxa is comprised of three main natural hybrids. Tea is an evergreen, perennial, cross-pollinated plant and grows naturally as tall as 15 m.

However, under cultivated conditions, the bush height of 60— cm is maintained for harvesting the tender leaves for even more than years. Leaves are alternate, elliptic-oblong, x 1. The flowers are white in color and grow singly or in pairs at the axils. The fruits are green in color with 2—3 seeds. Galbanum is a fragrant gum resin that forms as a product of certain Persian plant species. Galbanum may vary in appearance and density, but it typically looks like translucent lumps of irregular hardness and color.

The shade may vary from yellowish or light-brown to green and even dark green. The taste of galbanum is bitter and it smells somewhat musky, even though its green aroma usually dominates. Artemisia refers to a large genus of plants, including such notable species as mugwort, tarragon and wormwood. Plants of this genus have a bitter herbal taste and strong aroma. Artmesia absinthium , known commonly as wormwood, has been used historically as a natural insect repellent, and is perhaps best known for its use in flavoring alcoholic beverages such as vermouth and absinthe.

This delicate plant is very gentle on our senses and well known for its soothing properties, ability to reduce stress and provide aid in sleepless nights. The plant is native to southern and eastern Europe and western Asia, and even celebrated as the national flower of Russia. The scent of violet flowers is different from the scent of the leaves.

The flower possesses a sweet powdery, woody-floral scent which is due to the ionones in the flower. These ionones were first separated from Parma violets by Tiemann and Kruger in The discovery of ionones triggered the successful production of synthetic violet notes which are identical in scent but less expensive than the precious natural oil. Nowadays, ionones and methyl ionones are used in almost every perfume. The scent palette of ionones ranges from aromas of fresh violet in blossoms to mild woody and sweet floral nuances. Methyl ionones possess a stronger woody nuance, similar to iris.

Rhubarb is a perennial plant characterized by its long, fleshy, red stalks or sticks growing from thick rhizomes. It has large, wide green leaves, so nuances of rhubarb vary from green and pale pink to red and crimson. There have been certain discussions on whether to place rhubarb among the vegetable or fruit categories.

Even though it has been considered vegetable for a long time, it is treated as a fruit in the USA. Myrtus, with the common name myrtle, is a genus of flowering plants. It is native across the northern Mediterranean region. Peony is very fresh floral note, synthesized for giving a floral pairing to other notes, notably rose, in feminine fragrances. In perfume are used different kinds of flowers and their combinations.

They have very wide range of smells: It grows mostly in mixed forests with other deciduous and evergreen trees. In Europe there are a lot of places named after Linden tree. Hawthorn is a beautiful shrub or small tree that grows in the Northern Hemisphere. Hawthorn flowers smell very strong, pleasantly sweet from a distance.

Narcissus is a botanical name for the sort of springtime bulbous plant of amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae. There are around 26 of wild and several hundreds of cultivated variances, and although it is mainly considered to be a spring-time flower, some sorts bloom in autumn. Sorts are different by color, shape and size. The flower can be yellow or white, but also combined white and yellow, orange, red, and pink. The flowers, growing on a strong stalk, can be star-shaped or trumpet shaped, simple or multi-flowered.

The leaves are long and light-green. Chimonanthus or Wintersweet is native to China, an evergreen bush with small yellow or white flowers. Blooming Magnolias in the springtime are a spectacular sight. The magnolia family accounts for about species distributed mainly in two regions: Magnolia was named after French botanistPierre Magnol, the man behind the current scheme of botanical classification.

Blossoms arrive early and are typically white or pale pink, with a pleasant fragrance. The best way to "keep" it in alcohol. But the most important that iris root scent is the "heart not" in many perfumes. The aroma is mystical, languorous, elegant, soft and cold a little bit It's a shady pair to rose and jasmine music Good for meditations iris opens up you soul and a third eye. The flower symbolism associated with the iris is faith, cherished friendship, hope, promise in love and wisdom. Blue roses are often portrayed in literature and art as a symbol of love and prosperity to those who seek it, but as a result of genetic limitations do not exist in nature.

Due to all of these characteristics, the lotus was selected as the national flower of India. It has been described in various mythological legends, epics, scriptures, Sanskrit literature and historical records. It is often that we pass along bushes and hedges without paying much attention unless they possess either a striking colour or a heady scent to draw us in. These lovely flowers grow in all temperate regions of the world, but mostly in the eastern Mediterranean region.

Most of the geraniums are prized for their beautiful flowers, but many of them are appreciated especially for their aromatic scents. Some of the fragrant geraniums are orange, apple, rose and mint-scented geranium. The colors of their blooms may vary from red, pink, magenta, and violet, to purple, but white colored and salmon flowers are the most common.

Today it grows all around the southern Europe, Australia, and the United States, boasting its woody branches covered with gray-green narrow leaves and small violet flowers, known for their strong and relaxing odor. Damask Rose grows as a small, m, thorny bush with whitish hairy leaves, and pink and very fragrant petal flowers. This rose is most commonly tied to Bulgaria and Turkey as countries of origin, or more precisely, to the valley Kazanlik in Bulgaria, where this rose has been cultivated for years, and Isparta in Turkey. Sugar-spun pom-poms, bushy and fluffy like otherworldly candies, brimming with the aroma of childhood and of a mother's soft embrace.

Mimosa is a miracle of nature, a tree with a unique appearance and a scent like no other. Although you may have frequently seen the yellow little balls sprouting from a leafy green branch in many a florist shop, these "mimosa" posies are not true mimosa, they're acacias, the plant from which the essence of cassie is rendered.

True mimosas do not have yellow blossoms, though the two are relatives in a common clan. The scent of violet flowers is different than the scent of the leaves. The flower possesses a sweet powdery, woody-floral scent which is due to ionones in the flower. The discovery of ionones triggered the successful production of synthetic violet notes identical in scent and less expensive as the precious natural oil. The scent palette of ionones ranges from aromas of fresh violet in blossom to mild woody and sweet floral nuances. Lily of the Valley.

As the sun brings light to all plants we can see a small silver wide-leafed plant coming from the shade of the evergreens. He sniffed the sunlight, sneezed, and decided to sing a hymn to Spring. The entire forest joined him. May is the best time for the Lily of the Valley! You take a look at his little white pitchers turned upside down, you hear music and smell the beautiful aroma. Once you spend some time in the forest, your nose catches the unbelievable fragrance and your ears recognize the whispering between flowers and Spring.

No note in perfumery is more surprisingly carnal, creamier or contradicting than that of tuberose. The multi-petalled flower is a mix of flower shop freshness and velvety opulence. Which is why it is the perennial polarizing flower note having as many ardent fans as passionate detractors. The Victorians must have been among the latter: Roja Dove is right when he says that tuberose is really loose, the "harlot of perfumery". This flower is blessing in disguise for many health problems.

Roses—one of the most beautiful and praised flowers, have been valued for centuries in many cultures, and have been cultivated and hybridized worldwide. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 7 meters in height. Species from different parts of the world easily hybridize, which has given rise to the many types of garden roses.

Black currant is a bushy plant that reaches 2 meters of height. It originates from Northern Europe and Asia. Black currant blossoms in the spring time, and pinky-white flowers appear together with leaves. The scent of flowers is rather similar to the scent of leaves and fruits, fresh and intensive, sweet with fruity nuance. The word tomato comes from the Spanish tomate, which in turn comes from the Nahuatl word tomatotl.

It first appeared in print in A member of the deadly nightshade family, tomatoes were erroneously thought to be poisonous although the leaves are by Europeans who were suspicious of their bright, shiny fruit. Native versions were small, like cherry tomatoes, and most likely yellow rather than red. The tomato is native to western South America and Central America. The cucumber is originally from Southern Asia, but now grows on most continents. Many different varieties are traded on the global market. Lemons, Oranges, Mandarins and all other wonderful juicy citruses were brought to the Americas by adventurous European explorers, but grapefruit is a relatively young species, originating from the late 18th-century Caribbean.

Grapefruit is most probably a natural hybrid between the pomelo and the orange, first bred in Barbados. Although litchi is exotic in origin as evidenced by its very botanical name and being a sub-tropical cultivar in India it cannot be really be put on a par with the more standard tropical fruits such as mango, pineapple, coconut and the like. It is sweet, but subtle, refined and mild with a hint of vanillin in the background and lots of freshness like a fine fragrance. Melon is edible fleshy fruit that originated in Africa and southwest Asia.

Today, melons are grown all over the world and they belong in the same gourd family as squashes and cucumbers. Melons come in many different varieties and cultivars, but what is common for all of them is their structure - thick flesh and inner seed-filled midsection. Melons are classified as fruits, while their cousins squashes belong to vegetables. Mango is the one of my favourite fruit, pulp of mango and juice provide instant energy in dessert summers of India.

Dried fruits are prized for their sweet taste and delicious flavor. Most commonly consumed dried fruits are raisins, dates, prunes, apricots, pears, figs, apples and peaches. Being for some time a member of the Maronite sect, formed during the schism in the Byzantine church in the 5th century AD and made up of a group of Syrian Christians, Gibran sought to unite various religious sects, in a bid to abolish the religious snobbery, persecution and atrocities witnessed at his time [I-net link 2].

However, he breaks up with the sect some time later. We believe that in his writings Gibran was trying to unveil this mystical, unknown side of human existence. Ellie Jabbour supports the idea that Gibran continued the mystical literary trend by saying: Gibran and Whitman both believe that their souls tend to be fused with other selves. Their lives become a part of the lives of their friends. The works are more of a journal of a soul, rather than the way of all souls.

In both works, the poet enters a mystical state. He then travels through different stages, until he comes out of that state.

Sweet and gourmand

In these stages, the poet has mystical experiences. What really matters to us, is that our suggestion to regard Gibran as a mystical writer following a prophetic tradition finds confirmation in other sources. We may conclude at this point that Gibran followed the mystical literary trend, introducing the themes and plot elements used by other authors. But authors may not necessarily create everything by themselves. To achieve the ultimate aesthetic goal, they are free to use allusions, borrow and interpret images that have been created a long time ago.

Most literary critics emphasize the importance of connection of literary genre with literary tradition [cf. Genres reflect a particular tradition and preserve, more or less, the characteristics, established and maintained by this tradition over centuries. A literary tradition surely depends not only on time but on the culture as well.

The early development of Arabic literature was accompanied by the development of Islam. There existed a rich poetic tradition in pre- Islamic Arabia. But everything this tradition produced had been preserved in oral form up to the late eighth and early ninth centuries, with one exception, perhaps: Fictional narrative or fictional genres did not exist in Arabic and Syrian literatures in the Middle Ages.

This, perhaps, is one of the reasons why theological and philosophical traditions were so strong in Arabic literature. It basically rested upon them. Speaking of the religious or theological character of the Middle Eastern literature, we can hardly ignore the fact that an enormous part of it reflected the ideas of various mystical teachings, particularly of Sufism. Its heyday falls on the Middle Ages and can be traced back as far as the 8th — 13th centuries AD.

To this genre we can refer various writings in Farsi and Arabic by Oriental philosophers and poets, thinkers and religious figures such as: The fact that Arabic motives and the general tone of Arab lyrics are very close to the themes and tone of the European courteous poetry, has generated a hypothesis according which the latter had originated directly from the former [cf. Literary research shows that Oriental stylistics, images and the basic principles of the Oriental poetics entered Western literature closer towards the beginning of the 19th century [27, p.

In the English literature the tradition of encoding the meaning in the form of an allegory goes back to Alexander Pope, Geoffrey Chaucer, John Bunyan, Daniel Defoe, William Blake and others — a relatively recent tradition if compared to the Oriental literature. The poets of the Middle East concentrated almost entirely on religious and philosophical subjects. People of European mentality often misinterpreted generalisations presented in the form of poetic images in the works of Oriental writers, being absolutely unaware of the fact that beneath that which is seemingly obvious lied something that for some purpose was concealed by the author.

As we look closer at Kahlil Gibran's work, we realise that the origin of his images and the interpretation of "The Prophet" do not fit into the framework of just one literary tradition. However, while we read his poetry we feel that there is something unusual about it; there is more beneath it than a mere desire to be original and rhetorical.

Izibuyekezo

Traditionally an allegorical writing would have a great potential for communicating multiple shades of meaning and emotional- expressive connotations. Gibran's ideas and the manner of his writing are not at all transparent for the reader. The poet has rediscovered new possibilities for the realisation of his literary talent in traditional Oriental metaphorisation.

Gibran's images are very much the same. Beneath the veil of the seemingly obvious semantic concepts lies a mysterious tradition of many centuries old. Sufism is not just a religious doctrine. It is rather a way of thinking, a way of living and a mystical teaching. Sufism's basic intention is to discover the Truth through Love and devotion. Since only one who is perfect is capable of seeing the Truth, Sufis believe the only way to become perfect is to purify oneself under the training of a perfect Sufi Master.

Spiritual purification means the ability to get rid of the human sinful "self", become "empty" and to get filled with Love. Thus the Sufi's ultimate goal is "to dissolve" completely in God. Things that are common for all the world's major religions are found in the Sufi teaching. A parable from the book of an outstanding Persian Sufi poet Rumi may vividly illustrate the previous statement: But as they called it differently in their native tongues, they could not come to an agreement what to buy.

Religions may have different names, but their essence remains the same. Pir-O- Murshid Inayat Khan says: I follow the religion of Love: They employed a similar secret language of metaphors and verbal code. The Persian poet Nizami wrote: A Sufi poet pursues two goals. One — is to encode his poetic lines in such a way that the surface images would conceal reliably the mystic knowledge from the uninitiated — in this case his verses resemble fables and his witty morals are easily understood.

Natural, synthetic and rare

Those who wish to see will be able to see the deeper sense, those who look for entertainment, and simple truths, and advice for everyday life will too find what they want. In this connection it is interesting to remember a biblical prophet Isaiah who saw God with his "unclean eyes" and was purged by a Seraphim and was ordered by God to speak in parables, so that those who want to see the Almighty would not do it easily, but only through an intense intellectual effort and empathy with the author while interpreting the parables.

Echoing him, Jesus said at the end of his parable of a sower: A careful comparison of Gibran's "The Prophet" with the core Sufi imagery found in the works of outstanding Masters of the Path reveals a very close association between them. The plot of the "Prophet" is based on the Sufi metaphor of the ship [cf.

Experienced sailors and captains, who had once visited the homeland, returned to guide the others. They also take the burden of building ships and instructing the passengers before the voyage. The sailors and shipbuilders, the mediators between the secret Truth and this world, stand for Sufi teachers or prophets.

The art of shipbuilding is the method or the way to reach the goal. In this sense his allegory undoubtedly lies within the Sufi poetic tradition. Let us now take another example from his book: Which of you would be a reed, dumb and silent, when all else sings together in unison? We are as the flute, and the music in us is from thee; we are as the mountain and the echo in us is from thee. The metaphor of a flute explains why the Sufi rejects his "ego".

He needs to free himself from the burden of individual "self" in order to get filled with Love for the divine.

The Prophet compares himself with a "flute through which passes the breath of the Creator" or with a "harp, touched by the hand of the Mighty". Kahlil Gibran, Rumi — almost all Sufi poets used the image of a flute in their philosophical verses [see 60]: Hearken to the reed-flute, how it complains, Lamenting its banishment from its home: I burst my breast, striving to give vent to sighs, And to express the pangs of my yearning for my home.

The flute is the confidant of all unhappy lovers; The flute tells the tale of love's bloodstained path, Did my Beloved only touch me with his lips, I too, like the flute, would burst out in melody. Saadi uses a similar image of a wax candle which cries for honey [45]. This is an allegory of a Sufi longing for the reunion with God. The allegorical images of Beloved, and Lover are also taken from the Sufi tradition. Previously we have mentioned that the Arab love lyrics produced a considerable effect on the European love poetry in the 9th — 13th centuries [34, p.

But as different from European poets Arab writers filled their love poems with mystical implications. The beautiful Leila was not just a woman, who made her lover complain of her cruelty and suffer from his love anguish. The allegorical images of the Beloved either a woman or a man or Lovers symbolise God and a Sufi seeking reunion with the Almighty. The Marriage of the two becomes the symbol of the Ultimate Union with the Creator. Here is what writes Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi: May these vows and this marriage be blessed. And if you are together, then where is your joy? It is to weave the cloth with the threads drawn from your heart, even as if your beloved were to wear that cloth.

It is to build a house with affection, even as if your beloved were to dwell in that house. The metaphor of wine or the juice of grapes, squeezed by the winepress, stands for the essence of the Sufi teaching — for the Truth and Love. The juice of the grapes is the "wine" of Sufism [cf. And like new wine I shall be kept in eternal vessels," — says the Prophet putting in this beautiful image the idea of a Sufi's life.

Wine is the Truth, the sacred sense of the Sufi teaching, pure Love and devotion for God. Sufi drinks wine, drinks of the eternal Truth and becomes "drunk" with Love. The same motives can be found in the Sufi poetry: The Lovers, we drink wine night and day. Become this, Fall in Love, And you will not be separated again. Metaphors of the Ocean and the Sea are also extremely important for the Sufi poems. They reflect the ancient tradition of many world cultures, for they thought it to be the source of every form of life. And you, vast sea, sleeping mother, who are alone peace and freedom to the river and the stream Comparing it with the following lines, we clearly see a connection between the two quotations.

Love rests on no foundation. It is an endless ocean, With no beginning or end All souls have drowned in it, And now dwell there Rumi [I-net link 5] In Sufism the Ocean is associated with the ultimate goal of teaching, the moment of reunion with the Creator: The traces of the feet lead to the Ocean's coast. Then there are no more traces. A similar interpretation of a Sufi water image runs as follows: Brooks and streams join the main flowing mass of water. At the end nothing can stop the rushing flow in its way towards the Ocean, reunion with God, Love, and Truth [cf.

The water theme receives further development in the following lines: Everything other than love for the most beautiful God is agony of the spirit, though it be sugar-eating. What is agony of the spirit? To advance toward death without seizing hold of the Water of Life. Although one cannot drink the whole ocean, One should drink up to his capacity. Oh, you, who is longing, seek for the water. Time will come at last, when you will find the spring. The idea of silence is another principal notion of the Sufi teaching also shared by the powerful monastic orders in medieval times.

The power of silence is enormous, and not only in terms of generating and saving energy and vitality: Rumi Gibran echoes this idea by saying: The allegory of Veils and Covers is the last to be mentioned here. These images stand for something in the way between God and man; something that prevents man from approaching God. Gibran echoes this idea: Your Essence is constantly both hidden and apparent through me, For I am your veil, and I am your cloak as well… Maghrebi Gibran uses a similar image of the city surrounded by walls.

Thus he describes obstacles on the way to the Truth: All these images have entered the Sufi poetic tradition a long time ago. They became symbolic and easily recognisable. His key images of a ship, sea voyage, Beloved, flute and wine coincide with the basic Sufi images and reflect the Sufi vision of the world.

The image of the north wind is also characteristic of the Oriental poetic tradition. Some of them are based on analogy with traditional Sufi poetry. The last category of images worth mentioning in connection with the subject of this paper includes universal images and personifications, such as the symbol of the rising phoenix, borrowed from the Egyptian mythology: To seek God through Love and Devotion as a wax candle craves for his honey and a flute cries for the reed.

Like most wisdom, most of what he has to tell them is ancient. The teacher who walks in the shadow of the temple, among his followers, gives not of his wisdom but rather of his faith and lovingness. If he is indeed wise he does not bid you enter the house of his wisdom, but rather leads you to the threshold of your own mind.

For the vision of one man lends not its wings to another man. At a time when too many people seek to be relieved of the burden of thinking and judging for themselves, Gibran encourages to begin that quest. In a world that is occupied with trying to understand the young and with building theories about their training, it is well to have Gibran say of children: You may house their bodies but not their souls. For their souls dwell in the house of tomorrow, which you cannot visit, not even in your dreams.

Russian and soviet painters

You may strive to be like them, but seek not to make them like you. For life goes not backward nor tarries with yesterday. In a time when all are obsessed with their self- knowledge, it is well to be reminded: For self is a sea boundless and measureless. To conclude with his own words: Obviously enough, it is not sufficient to choose "the right" words les mots justes. Each genre within a particular functional style presupposes apart from a careful selection of words that much attention should be paid by the author to the text's syntactic structures or rhythmical patterns which, as it often happens, predetermine in the final analysis the essence of a particular genre and its stylistic colouring or "flavour" in our metaphoric sense, i.

This chapter is devoted to the analysis of the ways the author makes use of the English poetic syntax and recurrent rhythmical patterns to fulfil his peculiar "linguo-aesthetic" design. Another good example of a synthetic genre form is the Bible, where dozens of literary genres like a parable, a fable, a chronicle, a historical narrative, etc. Another distinctive feature that allows us to consider "The Prophet" as an example of an epic synthetic genre is that all events, though there is not much action going on, take place, as it seems, within one day.

Time is not very important except when it is said that the main character had to wait for his ship for many years. Time seems to be frozen, everything is as if suspended in time. Among the basic traits of this genre are: Certain degree of didacticism is also present but the didactic communicative function does not realize itself to the full.

It is supposed to be there by the law of the genre but becomes obliterated by the general poetic tone of the narration. Sermon is predominantly an oral genre — it presupposes oral performance, though it is most often composed in the written form before being read in front of an audience. Its main linguistic functions are those of communication and impact.

In terms of participants of communication — there are two sides to it, viz. Usually composition of a sermon is not very complex; there should be a certain key subject or a key problematic statement that serves as a background for further development and interpretation. The statements and conclusions the speaker makes are to be confirmed by the quotes from reliable sources, usually of religious nature, or by any other proof that appears to be proper in this context.

After the subject had been developed, the speaker makes the final conclusion and calls the public to follow his instruction. And what is fear of need but need itself? Words of a priest or a prophet are supposed to inculcate reverence and result in obedience. The importance of the message is emphasised through the use of formal, archaic and literary words, which still should be understandable by even the least educated audience.

Therefore the words of the general vocabulary would prevail over the formal and literary words. Another very important condition that is to be observed in the literature of that kind is references to reliable sources. Gibran does use quotes but introduces them in a very subtle way. The quotes and the text are an organic whole. Other crucial rhetoric devices used in the book are parallelism and contraries.

By means of parallel constructions Gibran creates particular rhythm within one line or between several lines. It also helps to clarify a certain idea through repeating it in different words. The text abounds in various figures of speech and poetic lexis creating the general effect of euphony and sumptuousness. The words can be easily classified by groups of names of objects, events and abstractions, for example: Another large group of words belongs to the religious domain and are either of the Latin, Greek or French origin.

They are most frequently associated with religious sphere of human life: Yet another lexical group includes words and word combinations that are directly associated with the Bible or which have been recurrently used in various English translations of the Holy Book: A particular group of word combinations forms the stock or traditional biblical phrases: Gibran also uses direct or subtly transformed quotations from the Bible: In terms of stylistic colouring the text contains a large number of literary words: Another large part of stylistically marked words constitute formal words such as: Archaic words are also frequent: As for particular verb forms and auxiliary words such as prepositions and conjunctions, some of them nowadays are considered antique and rarely used: In one of the chapters of his book Gibran employs stylisation to produce an effect of a prayer: It is thy desire in us that desireth.

It is thy urge in us that would turn our nights, which are thine, into the days which are thine also. We cannot ask thee for aught, for thou knowest our needs before they are born in us: For the creation of the biblical effect Gibran uses archaic forms of pronouns and verbs, which are typically used in the Bible: The structure of his sentences is associative with the biblical ones: Gibran usually uses the modal verb shall.

This is where the notion of connotation comes to the fore. It appears that some words have wide semantic potential, which is variously realised in the context of a work of fiction. And you, vast sea, sleepless mother, Who are alone are peace and freedom to the river and the stream, Only another winding will this stream make, only another murmur in this glade, And then I shall come to you, a boundless drop to a boundless ocean.

Gibran is playing upon the idea of the ocean as boundless both in its expanse seemingly so large that it has no boundaries and in its literal lack of any sort of boundaries within it: And there are those who give with pain and that pain is their baptism. They would be recognised as true members of the Church by virtue of the fact that they were willing to die for their belief often by being burned.

One may also come across baptism by blood, by the sword. Usually those words are close in meaning and may be considered as relative synonyms. Synonymic condensation may be regarded as a device for increasing expressivity and creating rhythm within a sentence: The narration of stories usually follows the "expositional" chapter, which sets the scene for the future stories to be told.

Almustafa shares with them his knowledge and wisdom; he speaks on 26 subjects such as love, marriage, children, giving, eating and drinking, work, joy and sorrow, houses, clothes, buying and selling, crime and punishment, laws, freedom, reason and passion, pain, self-knowledge, teaching, friendship, talking, time, good and evil, prayer, pleasure, beauty, religion, and death.

The order in which the speeches are presented is arbitrary although we may regard the final speech on death as a kind of culmination. The text is divided into lines made as short as possible. Gibran made his prose sound poetic; obviously, he wanted it to look like a poem too. Another effect the author achieves by dividing the text in such a way is the aphoristic quality almost each line or sentence receives.

Each line or sentence states an idea in its complete form. Each line has its share of aesthetic and ideological value. Not only the text is divided into lines, it is also divided into bigger chunks within the Prophet's speeches, united by a single image or an idea. Then Almitra spoke, saying, "We would ask now of Death. You would know the secret of death. But how shall you find it unless you seek it in the heart of life? The owl whose night-bound eyes are blind unto the day cannot unveil the mystery of light.

If you would indeed behold the spirit of death, open your heart wide unto the body of life. Trust the dreams, for in them is hidden the gate to eternity. Is the sheered not joyful beneath his trembling, that he shall wear the mark of the king? Yet is he not more mindful of his trembling? And what is to cease breathing, but to free the breath from its restless tides, that it may rise and expand and seek God unencumbered?

And when you have reached the mountain top, then you shall begin to climb. And when the earth shall claim your limbs, then shall you truly dance. The last piece consists of three syntactically parallel sentences; each of them employs the figure of oxymoron. By dividing his text into lines the author creates a euphonious rhythmical whole that is conducive to the expression of solemnity and importance of the ideas related.

Those groups play the crucial role in creating rhythm. Although not all the words in these pairs are direct synonyms, they are of the same notional area and bear a certain degree of synonymity: Such synonymic condensation adds expressivity and decorative attractiveness to the text. Minor syntactic groups can also be based on the principle of lexical opposition: Both the minor and the major groups create certain rhythm, but while the minor groups sound finite and complete due to their two- unit structure, major groups, consisting of three and more words, create another kind of rhythmical effect.

The scheme is likely to look like this: When polysyndeton is used, the sentence never arrives at a climax at the end. Instead of hurrying on to reach the important conclusion the reader is asked to halt to weigh each matter, and to consider each word that is added or emphasized. This occupied him three days, and on the dawn of the fourth he took leave of his King and marched right away, over the desert and hallway, stony waste and pleasant sea, without halting by night or by day. But whenever he entered a realm whose ruler was subject to his suzerain, where he was greeted with magnificent gifts of gold and silver and all manner of presents fair and rare, he would tarry there three days, the term of the guest rite.

Which they did, greeting him respectfully and wishing him all prosperity and forming an escort and a procession [I- net link 7]. Amplification and polysyndeton are among the key biblical figures of speech. In addition to the effect of an unhurried, epic narration such speech organization also creates a very clear rhythmical pattern. You have been told also that life is darkness, and in your weariness you echo what was said by the weary, 1 Gibran admitted the influence of the Holy Book over his style, especially of the Syriac Bible Peshitta.

Inversion is a very powerful device for creation of a particular poetic effect, rhythm, or emphasizing a particular word or word combination. Gibran employs inversion rather often: Long were the days of pain I have spent within its walls, and long were the nights of aloneness; and who can depart from his pain and his aloneness without regret?

Too many fragments of the spirit have I scattered in these streets, and too many are the children of my longing… It is not a garment I cast off this day, but a skin that I tear with my own hands. Nor is it a thought I leave behind me, but a heart made sweet with hunger and with thirst. But how shall I? A voice cannot carry the tongue and the lips that gave it wings. Alone must it seek the ether.

And alone and without his nest shall the eagle fly across the sun. And now you come in my awakening, which is my deeper dream. Ready am I to go, and my eagerness with sails full set awaits the wind. Only another breath will I breathe in this still air, only another loving look cast backwards… Only another winding will this stream make… …And ever has it been that love knows not its own depth until the hour of separation.

Here inversion becomes the device for making prose sound musical, almost like a song. Sonorous sounds can be prolonged. With the words arranged in the direct order the sound prolongation would have been impossible. For the sake of rhythm, inversion may emphasise modal verbs so that the stress falls at equal intervals creating the effect of isochrony: Alone and without his nest shall the eagle fly across the sun. In order to bring forward certain words Gibran places an adjective or a participle after the noun they modify, thus breaking the traditional word order: Thus the logical stress falls on the words in italics.

Syntactic inversion creates the musical effect and particular rhythmical patterns especially valuable for oral reading. Thus inversion constitutes another characteristic feature of the style of the book. The last syntactic device to be discussed in this paper is parallelism — in rhetoric — a technique of placing ideas of equal importance in the same type of construction so as to emphasize their similarity [3, p.

There are parallels within a single sentence; there are parallel sentences; syntactic and semantic parallels can also be drawn between distant parts of the book. Parallelism, either lexical or syntactic, is the most distinguishing feature of the Oriental poetics. Persian and Arab classical poetry is practically without exception based on parallelism: The Bible is another example of a text where this device clarifies the meaning and creates a rhythm in the sentence. The examples of the lexical-syntactic parallel structures are as follows: Line 2 is parallel to line 7, line 5 — to line 9, and line 6 — to line Line 2 sets the pattern for line 7.

The form of address is identical in both lines: The structure of the 5th, 6th , 9th and 10th lines are identical not only in terms of syntax but in terms of lexical units as well. The 5th and the 6th lines constitute a sentence of the following pattern: Lines 9 and 10 follow this pattern. Lexical parallelism is represented by the repetition of words within a single line as well as in corresponding lines: Another characteristic example of syntactic parallelism is found in the chapters "On Work" and "On Freedom": And what is it to work with love? It is to sow seeds with tenderness and reap the harvest with joy, even as if your beloved were to eat the fruit.

It is to charge all things you fashion with the breath of your own spirit, And to know that all the blessed dead are standing about you and watching. And if it is a fear you would dispel, the seat of that fear is in your heart and not in the hand of the feared On Freedom. The next extract illustrates the principle of semantic antonymic parallelism with the full or partial antonyms used in adjacent lines and the structures of the first and the second sentences being parallel: But I say that even as the holy and the righteous cannot rise beyond the highest which is in each one of you, So the wicked and the weak cannot fall lower than the lowest which is in you also.

Syntactic pattern of the two sentences looks like this: Within the first sentence there is an antonymic parallel construction. Pleasure is a freedom-song, But it is not freedom. It is the blossoming of your desires, But it is not their fruit. It is the depth calling unto the height, But it is not the deep nor the high. It is the caged taking wing, But it is not space encompassed. Ay, in very truth, pleasure is a freedom-song. Here is an example of the syntactic and semantic parallelism based both on synonymy and antonymic relations: What judgement pronounce you upon him who though honest in the flesh yet is a thief in the spirit?

What penalty lay you upon him, who slays in the flesh yet is himself slain in the spirit? Another no less important figure of speech is a lexical-semantic contrast or contraries , by means of which one considers opposite or incompatible things. This figure occurs in pairs of lexical units, which basically exclude one another. This rhetorical figure is quite characteristic of the biblical style and Arabic poetry: Your joy is your sorrow unmasked… …That which seems most feeble and bewildered in you is the strongest and most determined.

In what follows we adduce a list of the most recurrent lexical- syntactic peculiarities of the book including our observations in terms of Major syntax: Compare it with the Bible: Compare with the Bible: Previously we have noted that syntactically the text is organized in such a way that every line gets its own rhythmical prominence.

The main devices that create those patterns are: Rhythmical euphony is also achieved by means of recurrent minor two-unit lexical groups. In terms of sound repetition it is possible to speak of the use of assonance and alliteration. Certain vowels of the same or similar quality are repeated in adjacent or closely connected words. The most common is the repetition of a vowel in two or three closely connected words, for instance in such phrases as: Not infrequently Gibran alludes the repetition of sonorous sounds and alliteration in the rhythmicalized sequences: Surprisingly enough "The Prophet" seems to be bearing the basic rhythmical traits of the Oriental classical poetry.

The quantitative nature of the classical Arab verse predetermines the distinct rhythmical organisation of speech; parallelism also creates rhythm and requires the lines to be of the same length; before rhyme became a necessary requirement for a perfect Arabic verse, alliteration was the main means of the sound decoration. In the appendix to the paper we adduce our own exercise in stylised translation of "The Prophet" by Kahlil Gibran, in which we paid special attention to the adequate rendering of the central notional and linguistic features conditioned by the Oriental Biblical and Sufi poetic literary traditions described in detail in the first Part of the book, as well as the words and phrases bearing a strong archaic and solemn flavour.

In this our attempt we naturally referred to the Russian Synodal Translation of the Bible and occasionally compared our findings with the turns of phrase found in the Church Slavonic translation of the Scriptures since this text is widely accepted by the educated Russian speaking community as an example of poetic euphony and religious sumptuousness, perfectly suitable for the purposes of church liturgy and forming the indispensable foundation of homiletic eloquence in the Russian Orthodox Churches.

Alexander Shveitser, a Russian theoretician of a great authority in the field of translation, also writes: One of the problematic aspects in the sphere of translation concerns the possibility of preserving not only the overall sense of a work of fiction but its national and cultural flavour as well. A literary work is historically conditioned and, consequently, unique. A complete identity between the original and a translation is impossible, as there is none between an original and a copy. Therefore it is impossible to preserve the specific traits of the original to the full extent [42, p.

However, the relation of a translation to the original is of a special nature: The primary rule of translation runs as follows: The form of the original cannot be preserved mechanically; we can only reproduce its meaning and aesthetic value. It means that it is impossible to render all the nationally or historically specific elements of the original — it appears therefore that a translator needs to create an illusion of a particular national or historical environment [42, p.

Since fiction literature reflects in its imagary a particular reality related to life of a particular nation, it is important to render the national colouring of the original to the extent this colouring is present in the original. The preservation of the original flavour of the original presupposes its functionally correct understanding and the adequate rendering of the whole complex of various elements [61, p.

The contrast between the original text and the target text is intensified by the contrast between the two cultures the source and the target ones. Cultural clash becomes particularly striking when one culture begins to dominate another one. He in no way suggested ignoring the syntactic features of the original. In this connection we should refer to the dialectic principle of the individual and the common, or the part and the whole. A translator needs to resolve the task of determining the importance of the details, on the one hand, and subjecting them to the whole, on the other.

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