Citron (French Edition)

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citron - Wiktionary

Learn more about Amazon Prime. Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime. Get to Know Us. English Choose a language for shopping. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. Amazon Advertising Find, attract, and engage customers. The level of technology in the 2CV was remarkable for the era. The reliability of the car was enhanced by the minimalist simplification of the designers, being air-cooled with an oil cooler , it had no coolant, radiator, water pump or thermostat.

It had no distributor either, just a contact breaker system. Except for the brakes, there were no hydraulic parts on original models; damping was by tuned mass dampers and friction dampers. The car featured radial tyres , which had just been commercialised; [77] front-wheel drive ; rack and pinion steering mounted inside the front suspension cross-tube, away from a frontal impact; rear fender skirts the suspension design allowed wheel changes without removing the skirts ; bolt-on detachable front and rear wings; detachable doors, bonnet and boot lid after , by "slide out" P-profile sheet metal hinges; flap-up windows, as roll up windows were considered too heavy and expensive.

Ventilation in addition to the sunroof and front flap windows was provided by an opening flap under the windscreen. The car had load adjustable headlights and a heater heaters were standardised on British economy cars in the s.

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The body was constructed of a dual H-frame platform chassis and aircraft -style tube framework, and a very thin steel shell that was bolted to the chassis. The 2CV used the fixed-profile convertible, where the doors and upper side elements of its bodywork remain fixed, while its fabric soft top can be opened. This reduces weight and lowers the centre of gravity, and allows the carrying of long or irregularly shaped items, but the key reason was that fabric was cheaper than steel which was in short supply and expensive after the war. The fixed-profile concept was quite popular in this period.

The suspension of the 2CV was very soft; a person could easily rock the car side to side dramatically. The swinging arm , fore-aft linked suspension system with inboard front brakes had a much smaller unsprung mass than existing coil spring or leaf spring designs.

The design was modified by Marcel Chinon. The system comprises two suspension cylinders mounted horizontally on each side of the platform chassis. Inside the cylinders are two springs, one for each wheel, mounted at each end of the cylinder. The springs are connected to the front leading swinging arm and rear trailing swinging arm, that act like bellcranks by pull rods tie rods. These are connected to spring seating cups in the middle of the cylinder, each spring being compressed independently, against the ends of the cylinder. These allow the front and rear suspension to interconnect.

This also compresses the front "volute" spring pulling the whole cylinder forwards.

That action pulls the rear wheel down on the same side via the rear spring assembly and pull rod. When the rear wheel meets that bump a moment later, it does the same in reverse, keeping the car level front to rear. When both springs are compressed on one side when travelling around a bend, or front and rear wheels hit bumps simultaneously, the equal and opposite forces applied to the front and rear spring assemblies reduce the interconnection.

The swinging arms are mounted with large bearings to "cross tubes" that run side to side across the chassis; combined with the effects of all-independent soft springing and excellent damping, keeps the road wheels in contact with the road surface and parallel to each other across the axles at high angles of body roll. A larger than conventional steering castor angle , ensures that the front wheels are closer to vertical than the rears, when cornering hard with a lot of body roll.

The soft springing, long suspension travel and the use of leading and trailing arms means that as the body rolls during cornering the wheelbase on the outside of the corner increases while the wheelbase on the inside of the corner decreases. As the cornering forces put more of the car's weight on the outside pair of wheels the wheelbase extends in proportion, keeping the car's weight balance and centre of grip constant, promoting excellent road holding.

The other key factor in the quality of its road holding is the very low and forward centre of gravity, provided by the position of the engine and transmission. Because the rear brakes were outboard, they had extra tuned mass dampers to damp wheel bounce from the extra unsprung mass.

The uprated hydraulic damping obviated the need for the rear inertia dampers. This suspension design ensured the road wheels followed ground contours underneath them closely, while insulating the vehicle from shocks, enabling the 2CV to be driven over a ploughed field without breaking any eggs, as its design brief required. More importantly it could comfortably and safely drive at reasonable speed, along the ill-maintained and war-damaged post-war French Routes Nationales.

The 2CV was originally equipped with a sliding splined joint, and twin Hookes type universal joints on its driveshafts; later models used constant velocity joints and a sliding splined joint. The gearbox was a four-speed manual transmission, an advanced feature on an inexpensive car at the time. The gear stick came horizontally out of the dashboard with the handle curved upwards. It had a strange shift pattern: Reverse was opposite first. This layout was adopted from the H-van's three-speed gearbox.

The windscreen wipers were powered by a purely mechanical system: The wipers' speed was therefore dependent on car speed. When the car was waiting at a crossroad, the wipers were not powered; thus, a handle under the speedometer allowed them to be operated by hand. From , the wipers were powered by a single-speed electric motor. The car came with only a speedometer and an ammeter. The 2CV design predates the invention of disc brake , so — cars have drum brakes on all four wheels.

In October , front disc brakes were fitted. The engine was designed by Walter Becchia and Lucien Gerard, [5] [ unreliable source? This engine was less powerful, and more efficient, allowing lower fuel consumption and better top speed, at the price of decreased acceleration. All 2CVs with the M28 engine can run on unleaded petrol. The 2CV used the wasted spark ignition system for simplicity and reliability and had only speed-controlled ignition timing, no vacuum advance taking account of engine load.

Unlike other air-cooled cars such as the Volkswagen Beetle and the Fiat the 2CV's engine had no thermostat valve in its oil system. The engine needed more time for oil to reach normal operating temperature in cold weather. All the oil passed through an oil cooler behind the fan and received the full cooling effect regardless of the ambient temperature.

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This removes the risk of overheating from a jammed thermostat that can afflict water- and air-cooled engines and the engine can withstand many hours of running under heavy load at high engine speeds even in hot weather. To prevent the engine running cool in cold weather and to improve the output of the cabin heater all 2CVs were supplied with a grille blind canvas on early cars and a clip-on plastic item called a "muff" in the owner's handbook, on later ones which blocked around half the aperture to reduce the flow of air to the engine.

The engine's design concentrated on the reduction of moving parts. The cooling fan and dynamo were built integrally with the one-piece crankshaft , removing the need for drive belts. The use of gaskets , seen as another potential weak point for failure and leaks, was also kept to a minimum.

The cylinder heads are mated to the cylinder barrels by lapped joints with extremely fine tolerances, as are the two halves of the crankcase and other surface-to-surface joints. As well as the close tolerances between parts, the engine's lack of gaskets was made possible by a unique crankcase ventilation system. On any 2-cylinder boxer engine such as the 2CV's, the volume of the crankcase reduces by the cubic capacity of the engine when the pistons move together.

This, combined with the inevitable small amount of "leakage" of combustion gases past the pistons leads to a positive pressure in the crankcase which must be removed in the interests of engine efficiency and to prevent oil and gas leaks. The 2CV's engine has a combined engine "breather" and oil filler assembly which contains a series of rubber reed valves.

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These allow positive pressure to escape the crankcase to the engine air intake to be recirculated but close when the pressure in the crankcase drops as the pistons move apart. Because gases are expelled but not admitted this creates a slight vacuum in the crankcase so that any weak joint or failed seal causes air to be sucked in rather than allowing oil to leak out. The engine is very under-stressed and long-lived, so this is not a major issue. If the starter motor or battery failed, the 2CV had the option of hand-cranking , the jack handle serving as starting handle through dogs on the front of the crankshaft at the centre of the fan.

This feature, once universal on cars and still common in when the 2CV was introduced, was kept until the end of production in In the mids Car magazine editor Steve Cropley ran and reported on a turbocharged cc 2CV that was developed by engineer Richard Wilsher.

The 2CV was produced for 42 years, the model finally succumbing to customer demands for speed, in which this ancient design had fallen significantly behind modern cars, and safety. Its advanced underlying engineering was ignored or misunderstood by the public, being clothed in an anachronistic body. It was the butt of many a joke, famously by Jasper Carrott in the UK. Its comically antiquated appearance became an advantage to the car, and it became a niche product which sold because it was different from anything else on sale. Although not a replacement for the 2CV, the AX supermini , a conventional urban runabout, unremarkable apart from its exceptional lightness, seemed to address the car makers' requirements at the entry level in the early s.

In all a total of 3,, 2CVs were produced. The Chrysler CCV or Composite Concept Vehicle developed in the mids is a concept car designed to illustrate new manufacturing methods suitable for developing countries. The car is a tall, roomy four-door sedan of small dimensions.

The designers at Chrysler said they were inspired to create a modernised 2CV. The cars were built from scratch using mostly new parts. But as the 2CV no longer complied with safety regulations, the cars were sold as second-hand cars using chassis and engine numbers from old 2CVs. In addition, several lower volume variants were produced.

A single gearstick, clutch pedal and accelerator were connected to both engines. It was originally intended for use by the French colonies in Northern Africa. As well as a decreased chance of being stranded, it provided four-wheel-drive traction with continuous drive to some wheels while others were slipping because the engine transmissions were uncoupled. Therefore, it became popular with off-road enthusiasts.

These rare vehicles are highly collectible. It was a two-door fibreglass-bodied version of the 2CV designed by Peter Kirwan-Taylor, who had been involved in styling the original s Lotus Elite. The design was thought to be more acceptable in appearance to British consumers than the standard 2CV. It was also more expensive than the Austin Mini, which was more practical.

The idea was to produce a water drop -shaped, very lightweight vehicle, which would be more modern and smaller than the 2CV. The overall look of the vehicle was quite similar to the Messerschmitt bubble car. This was meant to enable the car to drive into a narrow position and away again without having to turn. Some owners wished to have more luggage capacity in the 2CV sedan. Early 2CV could be fitted with a rounded aftermarket boot trunk lid, reminiscent of a post-war "big boot" Traction Avant. Some late model owners fitted an extension to the car's boot.

This used the original boot lid and hinges, but in a horizontal position with the extension underneath. They were built in low technology assembly plants. Most are also available as three wheelers single wheel at the rear , like an early Morgan sports car. Some have been fitted with larger air-cooled twin-cylinder motorcycle engines. For transportation purposes, some saloon models were rebuilt into vans using fibreglass reconstructions of corrugated 2CV Fourgonnette rear box sections.

The "Bedouin" [] was a flat-panel wooden-bodied kit car. In production was discontinued. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Early 2CV sedan has canvas trunk, as well as canvas roof.

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All 2CVs have flap-up windows: Lomax 3-wheeler kit car. Retrieved 7 September La toute petite voiture". Retrieved 12 April Le Corbusier's Minimum Car". Wheels, The New York Times. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 21 August Retrieved 29 August World in Motion , The whole of the year's automobile production.

Retrieved 3 April Retrieved 3 December The Car's the Star. The New York Times.

Retrieved 20 August Retrieved 17 February Archived from the original on 7 January Retrieved 13 October September , "Salon Toutes les Voitures du Monde". Retrieved 10 July List of DVLA statistics. Retrieved 16 October Retrieved 9 June Retrieved 22 February Retrieved 1 August Retrieved 7 May Retrieved 2 May Retrieved 24 April Retrieved 12 May Retrieved 1 December Retrieved 7 January Archived from the original on 6 February Retrieved 28 May Retrieved 17 April Retrieved 19 May Citroen — Unorthodox Suspension".

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