Gender and Well-Being: The Role of Institutions

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Edited by Elisabetta Addis. Provisioning for basic human needs is done in three main kind of institutions: Drugs are considered to be healers and harmers, wonder substances and knowledge makers; objects that impact on social hierarchies, health practices and public policies. This book presents evidence of the evolution of the gender inequalities in Latin America during the twentieth century, using basic indicators of human development, namely education, health and the labour market.

There are very few historical studies that centre on gender as the main analytical…. Feminist scholars have long pointed out the relevance of the unpaid work that goes on within European households in sustaining the well-being of the continent's populations. However, care work and domestic labour continue to be largely unremunerated and unequally distributed by gender.

Gender and Well-Being Series Editors:. By focusing on both Northern and Southern European societies, these studies analyse the consequences of different juridical frameworks and norms on the… Hardback — Routledge Gender and Well-Being. Gender inequality also pervades labor markets and the political landscape.

It is deeply rooted in entrenched attitudes, societal institutions, market forces, political values, and ideas Kettel, Since , there has been a steady global increase of women in nonagricultural wage employment. The WHO estimates that women remain at a disadvantage in securing paid jobs, however, due to pervading sociocultural attitudes, minimal options for balancing work and family responsibilities, and challenges in birth control UN, In the health profession, women make up the majority of health workers in most settings but are often excluded from positions of responsibility and authority.

The WHO describes the current situation as a paradox, as women are the backbone of formal and informal health care: Some countries have implemented mandatory or voluntary measures to increase the number of women in politics, which partially may account for such increases. The ICOWHI intends to facilitate increased female participation in decision-making positions not only in the governance of health but other policy area as well.

Unfortunately, the number of children who die every year from preventable disease significantly exceeds the goal set for and remains at 87 deaths per 1, live births. The leading risk factors for child mortality include malnutrition under nutrition , unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygiene, suboptimal breastfeeding, and indoor smoke from solid fuels WHO, The under-5 mortality rate is highest in developing areas with low household wealth and poor maternal education rates. Similarly, a link between maternal education level and child vaccination has been identified.

This further exemplifies the critical link between poor levels of education, social disadvantage, and adverse health outcomes. Every year around nine million children under 5 years, including 4. It is therefore crucial to promote the provision of early childhood education to all mothers, including programs regarding breastfeeding, nutrition, and child vaccination and targeting women in low socioeconomic and impoverished areas. Improved and wider access to education paired with the provision of basic health services and vaccination will likely have a cost-effective and dramatic effect in reducing child mortality.

It is therefore vital that these goals are addressed codependently, rather than separately. In developed countries, there are, on average, nine maternal deaths per , live births; however, for disadvantaged developing countries this figure is 1, or more per , live births WHO, Maternal mortality remains highest in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Despite a global increase in the number of births attended by skilled health care personnel, ratios of maternal mortality in these areas have changed very little since Significantly, wealthy and urban mothers are three to six times more likely than rural and poor mothers to deliver with health personnel present.

Regular use of antenatal services prior to delivery also has been shown to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Lack of access to antenatal and postnatal care services is commonly associated with social isolation, a lack of recognition of the importance of gestational care, or lack of resources such as transport Womens Health Outcomes Framework, Given that the two main causes of maternal mortality in developing regions are hemorrhage and hypertension UN, , providing skilled health care prior to and at delivery is pivotal to minimizing maternal mortality.

In some areas of Asia and Africa, less than half the women giving birth are attended to by skilled health personnel UN, The ICOWHI seeks to support universal education and health strategies that aim to increase the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel, particularly for women in remote and rural areas.

In addition to providing care at delivery, it is important to make available adequate reproductive health services, postpartum care, and family planning.

While no single answer can address the multiple causes of maternal deaths, the ICOWHI intends to lobby for increased funding for health care interventions that reduce maternal death rates. The ICOWHI also intends to make these interventions more widely available, particularly in rural and impoverished areas. Further, in many areas more than half of those living with HIV are women. In other regions, epidemics are spreading from particular population groups—such as sex workers or injecting drug users—into the general population, with women and girls increasingly affected.

Although access to AIDS treatment has expanded, the need continues to grow. The ICOWHI intends to support preventative strategies such as education, and to reduce the prevalence of mother-to-child transmissions. The ICOWHI will lobby for increased accessibility to antiretroviral therapy for women and children to ensure management and further preventions. The goal of ICOWHI is to ensure that testing and counseling becomes more widely available, particularly in high-risk areas and for high-risk women.

Furthermore, the ICOWHI hopes to facilitate the development of a functioning health care infrastructure in those high-risk areas. This includes ensuring that these areas have enough health workers to meet the demands of the community. Importantly, the ICOWHI also will work to remove the discrimination and stigma associated with those infected and will educate those who are infected to effectively manage the disease and remove possibilities of further transmission.

Well-Being and Associated Factors among Women in the Gender-Segregated Country

Malaria-control efforts are paying off; however, additional effort is needed as to children die each hour from malaria, amounting for 1 to 2 million deaths yearly Breman, In total, malaria kills up to three million people per year worldwide, and, like many other diseases, most of the victims are from sub-Saharan Africa Sachs, The prevalence and mortality rates surrounding malaria are astonishing considering that the disease is treatable and highly preventable.

The ICOWHI intends to advocate for the sustainability of malaria reduction programs and maximize capacity building by targeted investments, such as the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets and effective medicines to impoverished rural areas of Africa. The incidence of tuberculosis is leveling off globally, but the number of new cases is still rising.

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Reaching global targets for tuberculosis control will require accelerated progress, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Other strategies need to be implemented to ensure that women are not falling victim to treatable and preventable diseases and viruses. The human papilloma virus HPV is the primary cause of death from cancer in the developing world Shaw, , and globally almost all cases of cervical cancer are linked to genital infection with HPV WHO, The highly effective HPV vaccine is neither accessible nor utilized in developing countries due to cost; however, this vaccine is easily accessed within developed countries.

Many preventative strategies are not implemented in developing countries, despite the fact that regular screening has positive links to reducing the prevalence of cervical cancer. The ICOWHI will encourage the increased accessibility and availability of the HPV vaccine and will lobby for domestic infrastructure to be implemented to ensure that more women are being screened for potentially preventable diseases. Billions of people suffer ill health as a direct consequence of environmental factors. In addition, overpopulation and inadequate infrastructure in both urban and slum areas create unsafe public spaces, high levels of pollution, and increased crime.

Also, deforestation rates remain high despite improvements in some regions Laurance, Women, more so than men, suffer from poor health, diminished productivity, and missed opportunities for education due to poor urban environments Kettel, In addition, women commonly experience a higher burden of urban environmental difficulties as a result of their common gender-based roles as household providers and maintainers. This places them at increased risk of experiencing inadequate space and housing whilst caring for children and reduced public transport facilities.

The type of development, however must be closely considered. An example can be seen in the investment in major road projects in developing countries, where often this type of development will not meet the transport needs of many poor people, particularly women whose trips are primarily local and off road Woodcock et al.

Increasing transport access and use through sustainable development is encouraged and should be developed by improving walking and cycling infrastructures, increasing access to cycles, and investment in transport services for essential needs Woodcock et al. In order to minimize environmental illness, the ICOWHI wishes to support gender sensitive environmental health policy to protect and maintain healthy life spaces for women. This must include increasing the worldwide provision of basic sanitation and clean drinking water by lobbying for increased funding to rural and remote areas.

Participation of women in policy formation will ensure environmentally sustainable development that recognizes the needs of women.

Women need to be engaged at all levels of discussion from the local, domestic, and international levels. The health of women and girls is a global issue, and therefore global co-operation and collaboration needs to occur in policy, practice, education, and research. These collaborative partnerships will facilitate the education of local communities and health care workers. High-quality data need to be available at the local, national, and international level ProCor, Once obtained, this data must be disseminated globally, not just amongst developed countries. The role of health professionals is crucial in achieving these goals.

The ICOWHI therefore intends to help coordinate ethical frameworks of migration to ensure developing countries do not experience a brain drain to developed countries. Measuring quality of life: Economic, social, and subjective indicators. Association of self-rated health with multimorbidity, chronic disease and psychosocial factors in a large middle-aged and older cohort from general practice: Measuring depression with a well-being index: Depression in pediatric care: Use of brief depression screening tools in primary care: Consideration of heterogeneity in performance in different patient groups.

The predictors of poor quality of life in a sample of Saudi women with breast cancer. Health related quality of life and family impact of type 1 diabetes among adolescents in Saudi Arabia.

Social Policy Contexts, Family Well-being, and Gender Equality from a Comparative Perspective

Quality of life in patients with skin diseases in central Saudi Arabia. A Systematic Review of the Literature. Mental disorders and general well-being in cardiology outpatients—6-year survival. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction in mood, breast-and endocrine-related quality of life, and well-being in stage 0 to III breast cancer: A randomized, controlled trial.

Health-related quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and costs associated with intraperitoneal versus subcutaneous insulin administration in type 1 diabetes. Evaluation of a seven-week web-based happiness training to improve psychological well-being, reduce stress, and enhance mindfulness and flourishing: A randomized controlled occupational health study. Violence against women and mental health.

Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: Screening for domestic violence in Jordan: Validation of an Arabic version of a domestic violence against women questionnaire. Violence against women in Arab and Islamic countries. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. Greenspace, urbanity and health: The built environment and mental health.

Social Determinants of Health: Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? Green exercise in the UK countryside: Effects on health and psychological well-being, and implications for policy and planning.

Social Policy Contexts, Family Well-being, and Gender Equality from a Comparative Perspective

Environmental correlates of physical activity: A review of evidence about parks and recreation. Women Health in Saudi Arabia: Obesity and mental disorders in the general population: Results from the world mental health surveys.

THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRLS AS HUMAN RIGHTS

Depressive symptoms in people with chronic physical conditions: Prevalence and risk factors in a Hong Kong community sample. Depressive symptoms, correlates, and the marital relation-ship in women with breast cancer in Saudi Arabia. Women Health Open J. Which chronic conditions are associated with better or poorer quality of life? Comparative health status of patients with 11 common illnesses in Wales.

Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Women, Business, and the Law. Demography Survey ; General Authority for Statistics: Support Center Support Center. Please review our privacy policy.

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