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Such magazines also played a large role in the rise of science fiction and it was at this time the two genres began to be associated with each other. Several of the genre's most prominent authors began their careers in these magazines including Clark Ashton Smith , Fritz Leiber , Ray Bradbury and most noticeably H. Lovecraft was deeply influenced by Edgar Allan Poe and to a somewhat lesser extent, by Lord Dunsany; with his Cthulhu Mythos stories, he became one of the most influential writers of fantasy and horror in the 20th century.
Howard also began at this time. Howard's works, especially Conan, were to have a noteworthy, even defining, influence on the sword and sorcery subgenre. Moore was among Howard's first imitators, with "The Black God's Kiss", in which she introduced Jirel of Joiry and the heroine protagonist to sword and sorcery. Outside the pulp magazines, several American writers used the medium of fantasy for humorous and satirical purposes, including James Branch Cabell whose novel Jurgen became the subject of an unsuccessful prosecution for obscenity , [63] Thorne Smith , with Topper and Turnabout , [64] and Charles G.
Finney , author of The Circus of Dr. Eddison , another influential writer, wrote during this era. He drew inspiration from Northern sagas, as Morris did, but his prose style was modeled more on Tudor and Elizabethan English, and his stories were filled with vigorous characters in glorious adventures. His characters were often of great ability and noble, if not royal, birth.
These characters have been admired for his work in making his villains, particularly, more vivid characters than Tolkien's. In , with the publication of The Sword in the Stone , T. White introduced one of the most notable works of comic fantasy. Literary critics of the era began to take an interest in "fantasy" as a genre of writing, and also to argue that it was a genre worthy of serious consideration. Herbert Read devoted a chapter of his book English Prose Style to discussing "Fantasy" as an aspect of literature, arguing it was unjustly considered suitable only for children: However, it was the advent of high fantasy and, most importantly, the popularity of J.
Tolkien 's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings which finally allowed fantasy to truly enter into the mainstream. Tolkien had published The Hobbit in and The Lord of the Rings in the s; while the first was a juvenile fantasy, the second was an epic fantasy of great scope and seriousness. Its unexpected success caused American publishers to swiftly reissue a large number of older, often obscure, fantasy novels, catapulting them to belated success.
It is difficult to overstate the impact that The Lord of the Rings had on the fantasy genre; in some respects, it swamped all the works of fantasy that had been written before it, and it unquestionably created "fantasy" as a marketing category. Tolkien's works also helped fantasy literature to achieve a new degree of mainstream critical acclaim.
Numerous polls to identify the greatest book of the century found The Lord of the Rings selected by widely different groups. While constructing original fantasy worlds with detailed histories, geographies and political landscapes had been a part of the genre from the time of L. Frank Baum , Tolkien's influence greatly popularized the notion. This led to a subsequent decline of such devices as dream frames to explain away the fantastical nature of the setting.
This stemmed not only from his example, but from his literary criticism; his " On Fairy Stories ", in which he termed such settings "secondary worlds," was a formative work of fantasy criticism. The impact that his books, combined with the success of several other series such as C. Le Guin's Earthsea , helped cement the genre's popularity and gave birth to the current wave of fantasy literature. With the immense success of Tolkien's works many publishers began to search for a new series which could have similar mass-market appeal.
For the first time publishing fantasy was looked at as a profitable business venture and fantasy novels began to replace the fiction magazines as the heart of the genre. Lin Carter edited the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series , when Ballantine pursued the fantasy market; it was so titled to avert its being filed as children's literature.
The line contained mostly reprints, but also introduced some new fantasy works. Hope Mirrlees 's Lud-in-the-Mist , Ernest Bramah 's Kai Lung books, and Evangeline Walton 's The Island of the Mighty , the success of which led to the publication of the other three novels she had written in that series, and to a distinct strain of Celtic fantasy in later fantasy. Although many fantasy novels of this time proved popular, it was not until 's The Sword of Shannara that publishers found the sort of breakthrough success they had hoped for.
The book became the first fantasy novel to appear on, and eventually top the New York Times bestseller list. As a result, the genre saw a boom in the number of titles published in the following years. Notable fantasy novels of the late s and s included Stephen R.
By the early s the fantasy market was much larger than that of almost all science fiction authors. Rowling 's Harry Potter novels , which have become the best selling book series of all time, fantasy is becoming increasingly intertwined with mainstream fiction. The success of several film adaptations of fantasy novels such as The Lord of the Rings and The Chronicles of Narnia has helped further this trend.
Since the s, the genre has been marked by the rise of female-centric urban fantasy, very different from Tolkien's works, as shown by the popularity of Laurell K. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. List of alternate history fiction Retrofuturism Sidewise Award Writers. Early history of fantasy , Fantasy , and Fantasy literature. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Sprague de Camp , Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: Survey of Modern Fantasy Literature , Vol 4. Bleiler, Supernatural Fiction Writers: P Haase, "Ludwig Tieck" pp.
Richard Oliver, Charles Nodier: Survey of Modern Fantasy Literature , Vol 3. Reprinted in Boyer, Robert H. Slusser, and Eric S.
Fantasy and Science Fiction. Southern Illinois University Press, Wolfe , "George MacDonald", pp. Elkins, "Oscar Wilde" in E. Pfeiffer , "Lewis Carroll", p , in E. Bleiler , Supernatural Fiction Writers: Del Rey, pp.
Wolfe , "The Circus of Dr. Lao", p , in Frank N. Survey of Modern Fantasy Literature , Vol 1. Essays on Fantastic Literature. Chapman, "Lud-in-the-Mist", in Frank N. Survey of Modern Fantasy Literature , Vol.
Tolkien 's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings which finally allowed fantasy to truly enter into the mainstream. There is no agreement on Austen's political views and it was not until the second half of the 20th century that her novels were viewed as political at all. Reprinted in Boyer, Robert H. Swiss author Marcus Pfister's Rainbow Fish series has received international acclaim since Retrieved from " https:
James Guide To Fantasy Writers , ed. David Pringle , St. Fiction, Fantasy, and the World's Pain. Stories in Honor of J. The Liberation of Imagination.
Writing Science Fiction and Fantasy. Retrieved 1 January Betsy Wollheim interview excerpts". History Literature Magic Sources. Anime Films Television programs. Tolkien World Fantasy Convention. Artists list Authors Editors. Awards Definitions History Journalsm. Community Gathering list Organizations by nationality. High fantasy Tolkienology History Sources. Comics Films list Magazines Television programs Video games.
Gargoyle Vampires list Werewolves. Science fantasy Fantastique Magic realism Slipstream Techno-thriller. Retrieved from " https: Fantasy History of literature. In addition, the audience is of equal importance.
A political scientist might prefer having information mapped within clearly delineated county boundaries choropleth maps. A state biologist could certainly benefit from county boundaries being on a map, but nature seldom falls into such smooth, man-made delineations. In which case, a dasymetric map charts the desired information underneath a transparent county boundary map for easy location referencing. A thematic map is univariate if the non-location data is all of the same kind. Population density, cancer rates, and annual rainfall are three examples of univariate data.
Bivariate mapping shows the geographical distribution of two distinct sets of data. For example, a map showing both rainfall and cancer rates may be used to explore a possible correlation between the two phenomena. More than two sets of data leads to multivariate mapping.
For example, a single map might show population density in addition to annual rainfall and cancer rates. Cartographers use many methods to create thematic maps, but five techniques are especially noted. Choropleth mapping shows statistical data aggregated over predefined regions, such as counties or states, by coloring or shading these regions. For example, countries with higher rates of infant mortality might appear darker on a choropleth map.
This technique assumes a relatively even distribution of the measured phenomenon within each region. Generally speaking, differences in hue are used to indicate qualitative differences, such as land use, while differences in saturation or lightness are used to indicate quantitative differences, such as population.
The proportional symbol technique uses symbols of different sizes to represent data associated with different areas or locations within the map. For example, a disc may be shown at the location of each city in a map, with the area of the disc being proportional to the population of the city. Isarithmic maps, also known as contour maps or isoline maps depict smooth continuous phenomena such as precipitation or elevation.
Each line-bounded area on this type of map represents a region with the same value. For example, on an elevation map, each elevation line indicates an area at the listed elevation. An Isarithmic map is a planimetric graphic representation of a 3-D surface. Isarithmic mapping requires 3-D thinking for surfaces that vary spatially.
A dot distribution map might be used to locate each occurrence of a phenomenon, as in the map made by Dr. Snow during the Broad Street cholera outbreak , where each dot represented one death due to cholera. Where appropriate, the dot distribution technique may also be used in combination the proportional symbol technique.
A dasymetric map is an alternative to a choropleth map. As with a choropleth map, data are collected by enumeration units. But instead of mapping the data so that the region appears uniform, ancillary information is used to model internal distribution of the phenomenon. For example, population density will be much lower in forested area than urbanized area, so in a common operation, land cover data forest, water, grassland, urbanization may be used to model the distribution of population reported by census enumeration unit such as a tract or county.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. March Learn how and when to remove this template message.
The Psychological Achievement of Thematic Mapping". Cartography and Geographic Information Science. Accessed 28 Feb The History of the Idea of Europe. Retrieved 25 February Thematic cartography and geovisualization 3rd ed. An Introduction to Landmark Thematic Maps.