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As a child, Robert Mulliken learned the name and botanical classification of plants and, in general, had an excellent, but selective, memory.
For example, he learned German well enough to skip the course in scientific German in college, but could not remember the name of his high school German teacher. He also made the acquaintance, while still a child, of the physical chemist Arthur Amos Noyes. Mulliken helped with some of the editorial work when his father wrote his four-volume text on organic compound identification, and thus became an expert on organic chemical nomenclature. In high school in Newburyport, Mulliken followed a scientific curriculum.
He graduated in and succeeded in getting a scholarship to MIT which had earlier been won by his father. Like his father, he majored in chemistry. Already as an undergraduate, he conducted his first publishable research: Because he was unsure of his future direction, he included some chemical engineering courses in his curriculum and spent a summer touring chemical plants in Massachusetts and Maine. He received his B. After nine months, he was drafted into the Army's Chemical Warfare Service , but continued on the same task.
His laboratory techniques left much to be desired, and he was out of service for months with burns. Later he got a bad case of influenza, and was still in the hospital at war's end. After the war, he took a job investigating the effects of zinc oxide and carbon black on rubber , but quickly decided that this was not the kind of chemistry he wanted to pursue. So in he entered the Ph.
He got his doctorate in based on research into the separation of isotopes of mercury by evaporation , and continued in his isotope separation by this method. Millikan , which exposed him to the old quantum theory. He also became interested in strange molecules after exposure to work by Hermann I. The NRC grant was extended in for two years so he could study isotope effects on band spectra of such diatomic molecules as boron nitride BN comparing molecules with B 10 and B He went to Harvard University to learn spectrographic technique from Frederick A.
Saunders and quantum theory from E.
At the time, he was able to associate with many future luminaries, including J. Robert Oppenheimer , John H. Van Vleck , and Harold C. He also met John C.
Slater , who had worked with Niels Bohr. They all, as well as Wolfgang Pauli , were developing the new quantum mechanics that would eventually supersede the old quantum theory. Mulliken was particularly influenced by Hund, who had been working on quantum interpretation of band spectra of diatomic molecules, the same spectra which Mulliken had investigated at Harvard.
Want to Read saving… Error rating book. In a large retrospective at the Smithsonian American Art Museum was devoted entirely to his printmaking. A critic for The New York Times called attention to the subtle treatment in cityscape paintings he exhibited in the dual show with Carl Sprinchorn, noting that they "look fragile, as if they were made from reflections of the city in a soap bubble, rather than from life. MIT University of Chicago. His laboratory techniques left much to be desired, and he was out of service for months with burns. That year he showed prints and paintings first in a solo- and then in a two-person exhibition at the Morton Gallery the latter with Herbert Reynolds Kniffin and he also exhibited in group shows at the American Institute of Graphic Arts , the Brownell-Lamberton Galleries, and the Pynson Printers Galleries. Drewes, he said, "seems to differ from most confirmed modernists in that he turns at will from the purely abstract to things that at most are semi-abstract, and in one still life painted in the present year he indulges in a degree of objectivity in the fruit and in the half of a wine bottle that is permitted to show that would shock the believers in non-objective art.
In Mulliken worked with Hund and as a result developed his molecular orbital theory, in which electrons are assigned to states that extend over an entire molecule. In consequence, molecular orbital theory was also referred to as the Hund-Mulliken theory. This was his first recognition as a physicist; though his work had been considered important by chemists, it clearly was on the borderline between the two sciences and both would claim him from this point on.
Then he returned to the University of Chicago as an associate professor of physics, being promoted to full professor in He would ultimately hold a position jointly in both the physics and chemistry departments.
At both NYU and Chicago, he continued to refine his molecular-orbital theory. Up to this point, the primary way to calculate the electronic structure of molecules was based on a calculation by Walter Heitler and Fritz London on the hydrogen molecule H 2 in With the conception of hybridized atomic orbitals by John C. Slater and Linus Pauling , which rationalized observed molecular geometries, the method was based on the premise that the bonds in any molecule could be described in a manner similar to the bond in H 2 , namely, as overlapping atomic orbitals centered on the atoms involved.
However, particularly in attempting to calculate the properties of excited states molecules that have been excited by some source of energy , the VB method does not always work well. With its description of the electron wave functions in molecules as delocalized molecular orbitals that possess the same symmetry as the molecule, Hund and Mulliken's molecular-orbital method, including contributions by John Lennard-Jones , proved to be more flexible and applicable to a vast variety of types of molecules and molecular fragments, and has eclipsed the valence-bond method.
As a result of this development, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in Mulliken became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in , the youngest member in the organization's history, at that time. Mulliken population analysis is named after him, a method of assigning charges to atoms in a molecule. In , he derived a new scale for measuring the electronegativity of elements.
This does not entirely correlate with the scale of Linus Pauling , but is generally in close correspondence. Afterward, he developed mathematical formulas to enable the progress of the molecular-orbital theory. Want to Read saving… Error rating book. How to Make a Planet: How to Be a Dinosaur Hunter: Fearsome Albertosaurus by Scott Forbes Editor 4. Rampaging Allosaurus by Scott Forbes Editor 4. Spiky Stegosaurus by Scott Forbes Editor really liked it 4. Towering Brachiosaurus by Scott Forbes Editor 4. Rex by Scott Forbes it was amazing 5.
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