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Following this, in September , a bold but ineffectual condemnation was read by bishops from pulpits across Germany, denouncing the killing of "the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill, the incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of a foreign race or descent". On 24 August , Hitler ordered the suspension of the T4 killings. After the invasion of the Soviet Union in June, many T4 personnel were transferred to the east to begin work on the final solution to the Jewish question.
The projected death total for the T4 program of 70, deaths had been reached by August After the bombing of Hamburg in July , occupants of old age homes were killed. In the post-war trial of Dr. Hilda Wernicke , Berlin, August, , testimony was given that " old, broken women" who had survived the bombing of Stettin in June were euthanized at the Meseritz-Oberwalde Asylum. After the war a series of trials was held in connection with the Nazi euthanasia programme at various places including: In December an American military tribunal commonly called the Doctors' trial prosecuted 23 doctors and administrators for their roles in war crimes and crimes against humanity.
These crimes included the systematic killing of those deemed "unworthy of life", including people with mental disabilities, the people who were institutionalized mentally ill, and people with physical impairments. After days of proceedings, including the testimony of 85 witnesses and the submission of 1, documents, in August the court pronounced 16 of the defendants guilty. Seven were sentenced to death and executed on 2 June , including Brandt and Brack. The particulars concerning such murders are set forth in paragraph 9 of count two of this indictment and are incorporated herein by reference.
Earlier, in , American forces tried seven staff members of the Hadamar killing centre for the killing of Soviet and Polish nationals, which was within their jurisdiction under international law, as these were the citizens of wartime allies. Hadamar was within the American Zone of Occupation in Germany. This was before the Allied resolution of December , to prosecute individuals for "crimes against humanity" for such mass atrocities.
Alfons Klein, Karl Ruoff and Wilhelm Willig were sentenced to death and executed; the other four were given long prison sentences. Adolf Wahlmann and Irmgard Huber , the chief physician and the head nurse, were convicted.
Those files became available to the public only after the German Reunification in , leading to a new wave of research on these wartime crimes. The German national memorial to the people with disabilities murdered by the Nazis was dedicated in in Berlin. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Aktion T4 Hitler's order for Aktion T4. Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany.
Invasion of Poland and Soldau concentration camp. Action T4 personnel and T4-Gutachter. Nazi euthanasia and the Catholic Church.
Euthanasia trials and Doctors' trial. Mass euthanasia killings were also carried out in the Eastern European countries and territories Nazi Germany conquered during the war. Categories are fluid, and no definitive figure can be assigned but historians put the total number of victims at around , Between and , about , women, men, and children were murdered from psychiatric institutions of the German Reich in several covert actions by gas, medication or starvation. Zwischen und wurden ca. Goebbels is commonly said to have had club foot talipes equinovarus , a congenital condition.
Shirer , who worked in Berlin as a journalist in the s and was acquainted with Goebbels, wrote in The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich that the deformity was from a childhood attack of osteomyelitis and a failed operation to correct it. The senior participants in the programme always knew that it was not a law, even by the loose definition of legality prevailing in Nazi Germany.
The SS and police from SS-Sonderkommando Lange responsible for murdering the majority of patients in the annexed territories of Poland since October , took their salaries from the normal police fund, supervised by the administration of the newly formed Wartheland district; the programme in Germany and occupied Poland was overseen by Heinrich Himmler. Retrieved 18 November Lethal phase of the invasion of Poland. In some places doctors and psychiatrists co-operated with families to have patients discharged or if the families could afford it, transferred them to private clinics beyond the reach of T4. During , the centres at Brandenburg, Grafeneck and Hartheim killed nearly 10, people each, while another 6, were killed at Sonnenstein. Aftermath, trials and commemoration.
The number of people murdered is calculated at , Foundation the Monument for the murdered Jews of Europe. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. A project by the Documentation Center of Austrian Resistance. Foundation the Monument for the Murdered Jews of Europe. Retrieved 4 March Der Spiegel in German.
Retrieved 22 August The Physician Werner Catel] in German. Retrieved 24 August Verwaltung des Krankenmordes [ Administration of Suicides ]. Canadian Medical Association Journal. Eine Edition seiner Briefe — [ Friedrich Mennecke. An Edition of his Letters ]. Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. The perversion of German psychiatrists' ethics by the ideology of national socialism". Carl Schneider committed suicide by hanging after his arrest Coburg und der Aufstieg des Nationalsozialismus in Deutschland in German.
Books Adams, Mark B. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia. Monographs on the History and Philosophy of Biology. Aly, Gotz; Chroust, Peter Johns Hopkins University Press. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. Berenbaum, Michael; Peck, Abraham J. The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Re-examined. Bialas, Wolfgang; Fritze, Lothar Nazi Ideology and Ethics. Textbook of Psychiatry [ Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie ]. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Holocaust Origins, Implementation, Aftermath.
Who, Why, and How online ed. Complicity in the Holocaust: Churches and Universities in Nazi Germany online ed.
The Holocaust and People with Disabilities. The Third Reich in Power. The Third Reich at War. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. University of North Carolina Press. Friedlander, Henry 1 September The Routledge History of the Holocaust. German Catholicism and National Socialism. Hansen, Randall; King, Desmond S. Sterilized by the State: The Destruction of the European Jews. Mein Kampf [ My Struggle ] in German. Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology under the Microscope. Dokumente zur Euthanasie [ Documents on Euthanasia ] in German. Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide.
Archived from the original on 3 September The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Leaders of the SS and German Police. Medicine under the Nazis. Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Schizophrenia. Ringelblum Archives of the Holocaust: Retrieved 12 March Deaf People in Hitler's Europe.
Patricia Heberer, "Targetting the Unfit". Selektion in der Heilanstalt — [ Selection in the Sanatorium — ].
Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft in German. An Examination of Conscience.
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Under Control Council Law no. Archived from the original on 4 May Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts 3rd ed. Weindling, Paul Julian Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: Conferences Baader, Gerhard Journals Breggin, Peter The American Journal of Psychiatry.
Sandner, Peter July Retrieved 8 November — via direct download: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Der Spiegel online ed. Retrieved 16 February Websites Beer, Mathias Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfang Hojan, Artur ; Munro, Cameron The Central Office at Tiergartenstrasse 4 in Berlin. The Tiergartenstrasse 4 Association. Kaminsky, Uwe , "Mercy Killing and Economism" [in: Retrieved 18 November Hojan, Artur ; Munro, Cameron 28 February Archived from the original on 17 November Kaelber, Lutz 29 August Retrieved 3 March Alfons Klein et al" PDF.
National Archives and Records Administration. Einsatzgruppen Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Human experimentation. Death marches Wola massacre. Major perpetrators Nazi ideologues. Early elements Aftermath Remembrance. Holocaust survivors Bricha Survivor guilt Secondary antisemitism Postwar violence Nuremberg trials Denazification Reparations Holocaust denial trivialization.
The Holocaust in Poland. Action T4 Grossaktion Warsaw Human medical experiments. Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators. Judenrat, victims, documentation and technical. Aftermath, trials and commemoration. Frankfurt Auschwitz trials Treblinka trials. Retrieved from " https: Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August CS1 German-language sources de Pages containing links to subscription-only content Use dmy dates from May Articles containing German-language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August CS1 Polish-language sources pl Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers.
Views Read Edit View history. The active persecution of Polish intellectuals was continued until the end of the war. Thousands more perished in the Ponary massacre , in German concentration camps, and in ghettos. The total number of victims and the specific dates of executions of members of the Polish intelligentsia can only be approximated due to their multitude. However, the majority of responsible commanders vanished during and after the war, before being held legally accountable for their crimes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. AB-Aktion A picture taken from a nearby house by the Polish Underground of the Nazi Secret Police dislodging condemned victims from the Polish intelligentsia at the Palmiry forest execution site near Warsaw in A History in Documents , p.
Archived from the original on June 7, The Holocaust in Poland.
Action T4 Grossaktion Warsaw Human medical experiments. Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators. Judenrat, victims, documentation and technical. Aftermath, trials and commemoration. Frankfurt Auschwitz trials Treblinka trials. Retrieved from " https: Articles containing German-language text Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text. Views Read Edit View history.