Vinde, amor ardente (Portuguese Edition)

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Observe, that haver is sometimes Englished by to be; as, que ha de sir de mm? Relies sao or est do, they are. A eu era or estdva, I was. It is compounded of the pre terim perfect indica- tive, and the participle sido, or est ado. Ceu tinha sido or est ado, I had been.

This tense may also be conjugated thus ; fbra, or estivira ; foras, or estiveras ; for a, or estroera ; fora- mos, or estiveramos ; fords, or estivereis ; forao, or estiverao. Csejamos or estejdmos nos, let us be. Cque eu seja or estcja, that I may be, or that I be. S3 sejamos or estejdmos, we may be. It is compounded of the present conjunctive of the auxiliary verb?

It is compounded of trie first preterimperfect sub- junctive of the verb tir, and its own participle. Ceu teria sido or estddo I should or would have been. C qudndo eu f8r or estiver, when I shall be. It is compounded of the future subjunctive of the verb tir, and its own participle.

C qudndo eutiversidoQxestddo, when I shall have been. Undo sido or estddo, having been, Supine. Remarks upon the verb ser and estar. There is a considerable difference between these verbs, ser and estar, both in Portuguese and Spanish, In English there is no word to distinguish them, since they are both rendered into English by to be.

The three Conjugations of regular Active Verbs. A regular verb is such as is confined to general rules in its conjugation. An easy Method of learning to conjugate the Portu- guese Verbs. The general tenses are, the future indicative, the first and second preterimperfect subjunctive, and the first future subjunctive. The future indicative is terminated in all the verbs, in The imperfect subjunctive, in ra or sse, ras or sses, ra or sse; ramos or ssemos, reis or sse is, rao or ssem.

The second imperfect, in via, rias, ria ; riamos, rieis, riao. The first future subjunctive, in es, mos,. Note, that I have only put the termination of the second person singular of the future subjunctive, because the first and third of the same number are like their respective infinitives of the three conjuga- tions, which however keep both their last consonant GRAMMAR.

As to the future indicative, you have no- thing to do but add ei to the respective present infi- nitive of the three conjugations, in order to form the first person singular; and if you add to the same infinitive presents, you will form the second person singular of it, and so of all the rest, by adding to the infinitive present, a, emos, eis, ad.

The imperfect subjunctive has two terminations for every person, both in the singular and plural ; but if you cut off the last consonant r of the infini- tive, and then add to it the terminations above- mentioned, you shall form the imperfect subjunc- tive, according to its two different terminations.

Lastly, if you cut off the last consonant of the infi- nitive, and add to it the terminations above-men- tioned, you will form the second imperfect subjunc- tive. The present indicative of the three conjugations is formed by changing the last letters of the infini- tive-, viz. The preterimperfect indicative is formed in the first conjugation, by changing the last consonant of the infinitive, viz. The perfect definite in the first conjugation is formed by changing the termination ar of the infi- nitive into ei, aste, 6u, amos, dstes, arad ; and in the second conjugation, it is formed by changing the termination er of the infinitive into ij fate, So, Smos, estes, erao.

The present subjunctive in the first conjugation is formed by changing the termination ar of the infinitive into e, es, e, emos, eis, em; and in the second conjugation, it is formed by changing the termination er of the infinitive into a, as, a, amos, his, ao. As to the imperative mood, you may only ob- serve, that the second person singular is always the same as the third person singular of the present in- dicative, in ail the conjugations. Thejirst Conjugation of the verbs in ar.

This tense is composed of the participle amddo, and the imperfect of the auxiliary verb ter. This tense may be conjugated thus, amdra 9 amdraSy amdra, amaramos, amdreis, amarao, or, tinha amddo, I had loved. When we find the conjunction if before the in- dicative imperfect, we must use the imperfect of the subjunctive or optative, when we speak by way of wish or desire ; as, If I did love, se eu amdsse, or amara, and not se eu amdva, if I had loved; if I had, se eu ivoera, twesse, and not se eu tiriha ; and so in all the verbs.

It is composed of the participle amado and the present subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter. It is composed of the participle amado and the second preterimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter. It is composed of the participle amado, and the future subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter. The other tenses are conjugated like aindr. Regular verbs in ar. Abafdr, to choke, or to smo- Agarrdr, to lay hold of. Annular, to annul, or to Abastdr, to satiate.

Abaxdr, to bring or let down. Apressdr, to press, or hasten. Atdr t to tie. Avassaldr, to subdue, to con- Admoestdr, to admonish, quer. The second conjugation of the verbs in er. Meter, to put in. Comprehender, to perceive, or Offender, to offend. Come ter, o commit. Res ponder, to answer. The third conjugation of the verbs ending in ir. This tense is composed of the participle admittido, and the present indicative of the auxiliary verb, ter. This tense is composed of the particle admittido, and the imperfect of the auxiliary verb ter. This tense is composed of the particle, admittido, and the present subjunctive of the verb tir.

It is composed of the first future subjunctive of the verb tir and the participle admittido. Undo admittido, having admitted. Reduzir, to reduce, to bring Introduzir, to introduce. Of the irregular Verbs in ar. There are in each conjugation some verbs which do not conform to the common rule, and on that account are called irregulars. There are but two of the first conjugation, which in some of their tenses depart from the rule of the verb amar, viz, estar and dar.

We have already- conjugated the first, and the second is conjugated in the following manner. The preterperfect, preterpluperfect, and the se- cond pretei pluperfect, are composed of the participle dado, and the auxiliary verb tir, as in the regular verbs. Of the irregular Verbs in er. I begin with fazer, podSr, and saber, because they occur oftenest in discourse.

Fazir, to do or make. Jeito, made or done. After the same manner are conjugated desfazir, to undo ;. Of the irregular Verb trazer, to bring. Preterperfect definite; trouxe, I brought. The conjugation of the Irregular Verb ver, to see. The verb provSr, when it signifies to provide for, or, to take care of is conjugated in the present indi- cative thus: But when it signifies to make provision, it is con- jugated thus: The conjugation of the auxiliary verb dizer, to say.

The Conjugation of the irregular Verb querer, to be willing. I may be willing, 6? But when it is not repeated, and is joined to the particle se, it is sometimes rendered into English by at least ; as, hum se qiier, one at least; and some- times by hoicever, when joined in the particle que ; as cqmo quer que. In all which cases, it is not to be confounded with the third per- son singular of the indicative of the verb querer.

I shall put no other tenses of this verb than the present indicative, the imperative, and the present of the subjunctive, none but these being irregular. The verbs ending in eyo in the present indica- tive, change that termination into ia in the imper- fect, and into i in the preter-definite, and are so conjugated. You may observe that they lose the y through all the other moods and tenses. The verb crer, to be- lieve, is conjugated in the same manner. I Of the irregular Verbs in ir. It is composed of the participle ido and the pre- sent subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter.

It is composed of the participle ido and the first preterimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb tSr.

It is composed of the participle ido and the second preterimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb tir. The compounds of vir ; as convir, to be conve- nient ; sobrevir, to come unlooked for, are con- jugated in the same manner. Of the irregular Verbs, mentir, to lie, sentir, to feel; servir, to serve ; ferir, to wound. The compounds, desmentir, assentir, consentir, dis- sentir, presentir, are conjugated like mtntir and sen- tir ; and also the verbs ajferir, referir, coriferir, de- ferir, differir, inferir. These verbs change the g of the infinitive mood into j in those tenses where the g would otherwise meet with the vowels o, as in the first person singu- lar of the present indicative afflijo ; or a, as in the third person of the imperative in both numbers, in the first plural of the same tense, and in the present subjunctive.

Of the irregular Verb seguir, to follow. The compounds are ptrseguir, to persecute; con- seguir T to obtain ;. Of the irregular Verb ouvir, to hear. Of the irregular Verb dormir, to sleep. This verb changes the o of the infinitive mood into u in the first person singular of the present indicative, thus, eu durmo, tu dormes, elle dorme. Of the irregular Verb fugir, to fly away. It is also irregular in the imperative mood, where it is conjugated thus: The verb surgir, to arrive, or to come to an an- chor, has the same irregularity, and makes sicrto, in the participle passive.

Of the irregular Verb pedir, to ask. This verb is irregular in the first person singular of the present indicative and subjunctive, as well as in the imperative, in which it changes the a? In like manner is conjugated the verb medir 7 to , measure: Of the irregular Verb vestir, to dress. In all other tenses and moods it keeps the let- ter e ; and in like manner is conjugated the verb despir. Of the irregular Verb sortir, to furnish, or stock. Feyjo says, that the o of this verb is to be changed into u, in those tenses where the t is followed by e or a, and that it is to be kept, when the t is followed by i ; but in the Fabula dos planetas we.

Of the irregular Verb carpir, to weep. This verb is defective, and is only used in those tenses and persons where the p is followed by i; as carpimos, carpis, we weep, you weep. I did weep, fyc. Of the irregular Verb parir, to bring forth young as any female doth. Of the irregular Verb repetir, to repeat. This is the common way of writing the irregular tenses of the verb sahir as well as those of the verb cahir, viz.

Feyjo says that this verb changes the o into u, in those persons where it would otherwise meet with the syllables da, de, do. Of the irregular Verb advertir, to warn. Adoertir is irregular in the following tenses, only by changing vir into ver. It is composed of the participle pdsto, and the first preterimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb tir. It is composed of the participle pdsto, and the second preterimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb tir.

But you must take notice that we meet with some verbs neu- ter which may govern an accusative ; as dormir hum sono profunda, to sleep soundly ; iufui anddndo miu caminho, e nao disse huma paldvra, I went my way, and said not a word. I said seldom, because sometimes the verbs neuter may be conjugated with the verb set; as, sir bem fallddo, to have a good name. It is necessary to be acquainted with the nature of a verb neuter, to avoid mistakes in the participle, as may be seen in the Syntax of Participles.

Yet we are to take notice that the pronouns con- junctive me, te, Sec. But in the imperative they ought to be placed after the verb, as in the following Example. In re- gard to the infinitive, we may say, he necessario ar- repender-se dos peccados, it is necessary to repent sins ; he necesshrio lembrar-se, it is necessary to remember ; and not se arrepender, or se lembrar. In like man- ner we may say, kmbrdndo-me, remembering, and not me lembrdndo.

As for the subjunctive mood, you must put the pronoun conjunctive before the present: But when the first preterimperfect is not preceded by any particle, then you must place the pronoun con- junctive after it; as, arrepcnderame tu disso, I wish I repented it. In the future you must always place the pronouns conjunctive before it; and so we may say, qudndo eu me lembrdr, when I shall remember: Note, all the verbs active may become recipro- cals.

The Conjugation of the reciprocal Verb ir-se, to go away. I shall or will go away, tu te irds, 8cc. You must observe, that in the compound tenses the pronouns me, te, Sec. This verb is also said of vessels to signify their being leaky ; as vai-se a cuba, the tub leaks. It is also used before the gerunds; as, o inverno vai-se acabdndo, the winter is drawing towards an end; elles vao-se prepardndo, they are preparing themselves: Of the reciprocal Verb vir-se, to come away.

Of the reciprocal Verb avir-se, to agree. There are three sorts of verbs impersonal, which have only the third person singular. The first are properly im personals of themselves ; as 3 succede, it happens. The second are derived from verbs active, fol- lowed by the particle se, which renders them im- personal; as, dma-se, they love ; diz-se, they say ; mota-se, it is noted. The impersonal verbs of themselves are,, convem, it is convenient.

Optative and Subjunctive, Present. In like manner all the verbs active may become impersonal. In regard to these verbs, take notice, that when the noun that follows them is in the singular num- ber, you must put the verb in the singular ; if the noun be in the plural, you put the verb in the plu- ral: Louva-se o capitao, they praise the captain. Ve-se hum ho mem, they see a man. Vem-sc homens, they see men.

When Ihe is used after the word se, then Ihe is to be rendered into English by his or her ; as, louva- se-lhe o valdr, they praise his or her courage. Conjugate after the same manner, succede-me, it happens to me. Many of these impersonal verbs have the third person singular and plural ; as, doe me a perna, my leg pains me. Of the Verb ser, to be. The verb ser is also used as an impersonal, as it appears in the following examples: You see by the last examples, that when the verb ser and the adjective are before the conjunctive mood, with the participle que, the con- junctive is rendered in English by the infinitive ; but if the verb ser is followed by the relative or par- ticiple que, it must then be rendered in English in the folio wing manner ; as eu he que tenhofeito aquillo, ffiS I who have done that ; tu he que tens, fyc.

You may observe that que is not relative in the last examples, and that it is left out in English. Of the Verb haver, when it is impersonaL It is to be so conjugated. Present, hd, or nafi hd, there is, or there is not, or there are, or there are not. Imperfect, havia, there was, or there were. Qudndo tiver kavido, when there shall have been. Conjugation of the Verb impersonal there is, ha, when it marks the place, through all its tenses.

There is of it, There is not of it, Is there of it? Therre was of it, There was not of it, Was there of it? Was there not of it? There was of it, There was not of it, Was there of it? There shall be of it, There shall not be of it, Shall there be of it? Shall there not be of it? That there may be of it, That there may not be of it, That there were of it, That there were not of it, There would be of it, There would not be of it, Would there not be of it?

If there had been of it, If there had not been of it, Had there been of it? Had there not been of it? There would have been of it, There would not have been of it, Would there have been of it? Would there not have been of it? When there will be of it, When there will not be of it, ha la disso. Ill When there will have been qudndo tivir havido la disso. Will there have been of it? Will there not have been too nao terd havido Id disso t much di it? In there having been too little tindo havido Id muito pouco of it.

Most ways of speaking beginning with some, and the verb to be, are expressed in Portuguese by the impersonal ha; as, some friends are false, ha ami- gosfdlsos; some Christians are unworthy of that name, hd Christ dos que nao sao dignos de tal ndme. Observe that ha comes before a substantive even of the plural number. The question of space is asked thus, qudnto hd de Paris a Londres? Of the impersonal Verb ha-se, it is necessary, or must. This verb answers to the Italian bisogna, and to the French ilfaut, and always requires after it the particle de, and the infinitive.

It denotes the ne- cessity of doing something, and is Englished by must, and sometimes by the verb to be, through all its tenses, with some of these words, necessary, requisite, needful: Ha-se de hir, I or you, or we or somebody must go- Sometimes the verb coming after this impersonal, is Englished by the passive voice; as, ha-se defazfa isto, this must be clone.

It is very often joined with mister; as, ha-se de mister din heir o para demdndas, one must have money to go to law ; ha-se de mister hum bom amigo para fazer for tuna no mfoido, to push one's fortune in the world, one must have a good friend. As for the conjugation of this verb, you must make use of the verb to be with necessary, as I have already said. Present, ha-se, it is necessary. Imperfect, havia- se, it was necessary ; and so through all the tenses and moods.

You must take notice, that sometimes the infini- tive that follows the particle de is placed between this impersonal and its particle se; as, ha-de achar-se, it 'will be found, and sometimes the infinitive pre- cedes the impersonal, and this follows the particle se ; as, achar-se-ha, it will be found ; and in this case you must not join the particle de to it.

Observe, that the infinitive may be also placed between the imperfect tense of this impersonal verb and its particle se; as, havia de achar-se, it was to be found ; but when the infinitive precedes both the impersonal and its particle se, then you must put the particle se before the impersonal, and make use of the imperfect hia, and not havia; so you niay say, achdr-se hia, and not achar-se-havia. The verb carpir is used only in those tenses and persons where thesis followed by an i; as, carpi- mos, carpis, we weep, you weep.

The verb socr is only used in the third persons of the present indicative of the preterimperfect of the sanae mood, and in the gerund; as, elle she , he is wont; elles soem, they are wont. Hie soia, he was wont; Sites soiao, they were wont. Ge- rund, soendo, being wont. Amado is likewise a noun adjective.

Hdmem amado, mother amada; livros amados, let r as amadas. The passive participles are of the same nature as those called absolute in Latin ; and you must ob- serve, that having and being are often left out in Portuguese. Feito isto, having done this. Dito isto, having said so. Acabada a cea, after he or they have supped. The auxiliary and participle are not always im- mediately joined together in compound tenses ; as, Nos temos, com a graqa de Deos, vencido os nossos inimigos, we have, by the grace of God, overcome our enemies.

HTHE adverb is that which gives more or less force to the verb. The adverb has the same effect with the verb as the adjective with the substantive: Adverbs of quantity ; as, how much, qudnto, how many, quant os ; or quant as ; so much, tdnio ; mucb,miato. Diligent e 7 diligent entente, diligently. Prudent e, prudent emente, prudently, Fiel, jielmente, faithfully. In order to assist the memory of those who.

A Collection of Adverbs. Admit avelmente, "j ,. Ab s olutaminte, "absolutely. Agora, or por hora, now at Atreicoadamente, treacher- this time. Jdpara jd, now, immediately Be maraviiha, very seldom, Comcondifao,upon condition. De travez, askew, asquint; Tao, so. Quasi, pretty near, almost. Desde entao, since that time. De qudndo em qudndo, now and then, ever and anon.

Qudndo bem,or ainda qudndo , albeit, ahhough it should be.

Qudndo muito, at the most. Cd, here, or hither. Trdz, or detraz, behind. I'sto he, to wit. Em vez, instead, Tambem, also. Tdnto que A Logo que, j De pensddo, wilfully. Ate aqui, as far.

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D'aqui em didnte, hencefor- ward, or. Amanhda pela manhda, to- morrow morning. Despots a" a' manhda, after to morrow. Frimeiro que, before that. Primeiro que tudo, before all, or in the first place. Jfd, already De sajto, at one jump. De qudndo em qudndo, from time to time.

A'o redor, or em tor no, about. Vergonhosamente, shamefully Nunca, never. Nunca mats, never since. Ainda, yet ; as, ainda nao veto, he is not come yet. Vilmente, basely 4 Mai, ill. Ate, until or even. Be cor, Hy heart. Every preposition requires some case after it, as you will see in the following collection: Antes do dia, before day-break. De traz no paldcio, behind the palace. Debdxo da mesa,, under the table. Em cima da mesa, upon the table. Alem dos mares, on that side of the seas. Alem disso, besides that, moreover. Alem de que, idem.

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Aquem, or daquem dos mares, on this side of the seas. Ao redor, or em conto-no da ciddde, round about the city. Perto de Londres, near London. Acerca da quelle negocio, concerning that affair. Fora da cdsa, out of the house. For a de perigo, out of danger. Fora de si, out of one's wits. This preposition governs also a nominative j as, fora seu irmao, except fits brother, or his, brother excepted.

Defronte de minha casa, over-against my house. Defronte da igreja, facing the church. Quanto dquillo, with respect to that. Pegddo a murdtha, close to the wall. Perdnte ojuzz, before the judge. Entre, between, among, or amongst. E'ntre os homens, among men. Sob re a mho,, upon the table. Confornie, or segundo a ley, according to the law. Por amor de Deos, for God's sake. Pelo mundo, through the world. Pela rua, through the streets. Pelas terras, through the lands. Por grdnde que se'ja, let it. Contra tiles, against them.

Trdz do templo, behind the temple. Durante, during ; as, durante o invemo, during the winter. We shall be more particular about prepositions when we examine their construction. Some conjugations are copulative, which join, and, as it were, couple two terms together ; as, e, and: Portugueses e Ingleses, Portuguese and English. Some are disjunctive, which shew separation or division; as, hem, nor, neither; ou, either, or. Example ; nem este, nem ague 4 lie, neither this, nor that ; ou este, ou aquelle, either this or that ; nem mals, nem menos, neither more nor less ; quer ofaca, quer nao, tudo para mini he o mesmo, it is all one to me whether he does it, or no; querseja verddde, quer nao, whether it be true, or not; nem se quer hu?

The causal shew the reason of something; as, porque, for, or because, or why. The concluding denote a consequence drawn from what is before ; as, logo or por consequential therefore, then, or consequently. The transitive, which serve to pass from one sen- tence to another ; as, alem disso, moreover, or besides that ; sobre tudo, or em summa, after all, upon the whole, in the main ; a propbsito, now I think on't, or now we are speaking of that.

To the above-mentioned parts of speech gramma- rians have added Interjections, which are particles serving to denote some passion or emotion of the mind; but there is another sort, which may be called demonstrative; as, aqui and la; Ex. O, ola, Ho, hey, hip! Of admiration or surprise. O, O la, ahi! S For making people go out of the way, or stand away. Have a care, clear the way, or stand away! Of cursing and threatening. O' proDera a Dios! Some Abbreviations used in the Portuguese Language.

Fossa exceUinaa Your Excellence V. Vbssa senhoria Your Lordship V. Fossa altesa Your Highness V. Vossa paterniddde Your Paternity V. Mag de Vossa magesidde Your Majesty S. Verbi gratia For Example. And many others, that must be learned by use. L Of the Division of Syntax. It is divided into three sorts ; the first, of Order or Arrangement ; the second, of Concordance ; the third of Govern- ment.

The Syntax of Order or Arrangement, is the fit disposition of words in a sentence. The Syntax of Concordance, is when the parts of speech agree with one another, as the substantive with the adjec- tive, or the nominative with the verb. The Syntax of Government, is when one part of speech governs another.

For the sake of those who, perhaps, have not a grammatical knowledge of their own language, I shall lay down some general rules of Portuguese construction. The nominative is that to which we attribute the action of the verb, and is generally ranged in the first place; it may be either a noun or pronoun, as, Francisco escreve, Francis writes; eufalto, I speak.

When the action of the verb is attributed to many persons or things, these all belong to the no- minative, and are ranged in the first place, together with their conjunction; as, Pedro e Paulo iem x Peter and Paul read. The adjectives belonging to the nominative substantive, to which the action of the verb is attri- buted, are put after the substantive, and before the verb ; as, os estuddntes morlgerados e diligcntes estu- dao, the obedient and diligent scholars do study.

If the nominative has an article, this article always takes the first place. Sometimes an infinitive is put for a noun, and stands for a nominative ; as o dormir faz hem, sleeping does one good: The nominative is sometimes understood; as, imo, where you understand eu; and so of the other persons of the verb. After the nominative you put the verb; and if there is an adverb, it is to be placed immediately after the verb, whose accident and circumstances it explains ; as, Pedro dmapor extremo a gloria, Peter is extremely fond of glory. The cases governed by the verb are put after it; they may be one, or many, according to the na- ture of the action ; as, hi dmo a Pedro, I love Peter.

Fago presence de-hum livro a Paulo, I make a present , of a book to Paul. The preposition is always put before the case it governs ; as, perto de casa, near the house. The relative is always placed after the ante- cedent; as, Pedro qual estuda, Peter who studies. When two or more substantives singular come together, the adjective belonging to them must be put in the plural; as, tdnto el rey como a rainha montddos a cavallo parecem bem, both the king and the queen look well when they ride. If the substantives happen to be one in the singular and the other in the plural, or to be of different genders, the adjective common to both agrees in number and gender with the last; as, tile ' iinha os olhos e a boca aberta, or elletinha a boca e os olhos aberlos, his eyes and mouth were opened.

As lagoas e rios estdvao congelddos, the ponds and rivers were frozen. But when there is one or many words between the last noun and the adjective, that adjective com- mon to all agrees with the noun masculine, though the last noun be feminine; and if the nouns are in the singular, then the adjrctive common shall be put in the plural number and masculine gender; as, rio e a lagoa estdvao cogdddos ; the pond and river were frozen, O trabalho, a industria, e a for tuna unidos ; pains, industry, and fortunejoined together.

Every verb personal agrees with its nomina- tivet expressed or understood, both in number and person. The question and answer always agree in every thing; as, a que senhora pertencevm ce? Ta what lady do you belong, sir? Of the Dependence of the Parts of Speech on one another. The nominative being the basis of the sen- tence, the verb depends on it, as the other cases depend on the verb,, Theadjective depends on the substantive that supports it ; and the adverb on the verb whose accidents it explains.

The genitive depends on a substantive, ex- pressed or understood, by which it is governed. The accusative depends either on a verb ac- tive, or on a preposition. The ablative depends on a preposition by which it is governed ; as, parto de Roma, I go from Rome. The dative and vocative have, strictly speak- ing, no dependence on the other parts: I now come to the Construction of the several parts of speech. Of the Syntax 1 of Articles. Those who understand Latin will quickly per- ceive the difference, if they take notice that every time they render o, a, by ilium, Mam, Mud; or by mm, earn, id; and os, as, by illos, Mas, Ma; or by cos, eas, ea; they are relative pronouns.

A virtude nao he compativel com o vicio, virtue cannot agree with vice. A philosophia he huma sciincia muito nobre, philo- sophy is a very noble science. Joguimos as cartas, let us play at cards. The article is not placed before a substantive which is followed by the adjective of number that stands for a surname, or meet with a proper or Christian name; as, Joseph Primtiro, Joseph the First. The article is never made use of before proper names of men, women, gods, goddesses, saints. The article is not used in Portuguese before the pronouns possessive relative; as, de quern he est a cdsa?

When a mount's, mountain's or hilfs name, is preceded by the word monte, it takes neither ar- ticle or preposition; as, o Monte Atlante, Mount Atlas; os Mantes Pireneos, the Pirenean Moun- tains; but after the word serra, a ridge of hills, it takes the article ; as, a Serra da Estrella, Mount- Strella; Serra do Potosi, Mount Potosi; hqwever, they say r also, Serra Lioa. The noun of the measure, weight, and the number of the things that have been bought, re- quires the articles ; as, o trigo xende-se a tdnto o al- queire, what is sold so much a peck, three quarts and one pint.

A manteiga vinde-se a tdnto o arratel, butter cost so much a pound. Os Svos vendem-se a tdnto a duzia, eggs are sold so much a dozen. No article is used with proper names of per- sons and planets, except a terra, the earth ; a sol, the sun ; a lua, the moon. When proper names are used in a determi- nate sense, that is, when they are applied to parti- cular objects, then they take.

The indefinite article de is used before nouns following one of this, sorte, especie,genero, and any other noun of which they express the kind, charac- ter, quality, and nature: Finally they also make use of the definite article; as, o didbo do home??? Nouns are used without article in the fol- lowing cases: At the title of a performance, and in the middle of sentences, where they characterise in a particular manner the person or thing spoken of, in which case the English use especially the particle a; as, Discurso sobre as obrigacoens da reUgiao natural, a discourse concerning the obligations of natural religion.

He, the first part. O Conde de Clermont, pmicipe do Sdngue,? An- thony ; a ninety gun ship. When they meet with a noun of number in an indefinite sense ; as, mil soldados de cwoallo contra cem infantes, a thousand horse against an hundred foot. Tenho lido dous poetas, I have read two poets, that is, any pair out of ail that ever existed. But before a noun of number, in a definite sense, it would take the article ; as, Tenho lido os dous poetas, I have read both poets ; because this plainly indicates a definite pair, of whom some mention has been made already.

Os cem infantes que combat trad contra os mil de ca- ydllo, que, fyc. Articles are repeated in Portuguese before as many nouns requiring the article as there are in the sentence ; as, O ouro, a prat a, a saude, as hdnras, e os deleites nao pbdem fazirfeliz ao homem que nao tern sciencia nem virtude, gold, silver, health, honours, and pleasures, cannot make a man happy without wisdom and virtue. The article o is put before the word senhor, sir, or my lord ; as, O senhor duque, my lord duke; o senhor president e, my lord the president; os senhdres, the gentlemen ; dos senhbres, of the gentlemen.

Sometimes the English particle to, before infini- tives, is rendered in Portuguese by the article o ; as, hefdcil o dizir, o v6? In a word, the natural associators with articles are those common appellatives, which denote the several genera and species of beings, or those words which, though indefinite, are yet capable, through the ar- ticle, of becoming definite.

To explain by an example: I see an object pass by which I never saw till then ; what do I say? All vai hum pobre com huma barba comprida, there goes a beggar with a long beard. The man departs and returns a week after ; What do I say then? AH vai o pobre da barba comprida, there goes the beggar with the long beard. Of the Syntax of Nouns ; and first, of the Substantives. A philosophia de Newton, Newton's philosophy. As guar das do principe, the prince's guards. A porta da casa, the house-gate.

When two substantives singular are the nomina- tive of a verb, this must be put in the plural ; as, meu irmao e meu pai estao no cdmpo, my brother and my father are in the countiy. If the nominative is a collective name, the verb is always put in the singular; as, toda a ciddde assis- tie, all the city was present.

Of the Syntax of Adjectives. Of adjectives, some are put before the noun, and some after; and others may be put indifferently, either before or after. Meupdi, my father; a sua casa, his house ; duas pecoas y two people ; o pri- meiro komem, the first man. But when the adjective of number stands for a surname, or meets with a proper or Christian name, it comes after che substantive, without the article.

These following Adjectives come after the Substantive. Verbal adjectives and participles ; as, hum hbmem diver tido, a comical, a merry man ; huma mot- her estimdda, a woman esteemed. Adjectives of names of nations; as, hum mathemdtico Inglez, an English mathematician; hum alfaiate France z, a French taylor ; musica Italidna, Italian music. Of adjectives, some always require after them either a noun or verb, which they govern ; as, digno de louvor, praise-worthy ; digno de sir amado, worthy to be loved ; capdz de ensinar, capable to teach ; and these have always the particle de after them.

Others may be construed both with and without a noun, which they govern ; ella lie huma mother imensivel, she is a woman without any sensibility ; ella he insensivel ao amor, she is insensible and a stranger to the passion of love. The following adjectives, which require the pre- position de before the next infinitive, govern the genitive case. Observe, that some of them require in English the preposition at or with before the next noun.

Digno, worthy ; as, ilk he digno de louvor, he is worthy of praise. Capdz, capable ; incapaz, incapable ; as, capdz, ou incapaz de servir a propria pdtria, capable or in- capable to serve one's country. Cangddo, tired ; as, cangado de estuddr, tired of studying. All adjectives signifying inclination, advantage and disadvantage, profit or disprofit, pleasure or displeasure, due, submission, resistance, likeness, govern the dative case ; as, insensivel as qffrdntas, insensible of affronts ; serinclinado a alguma cousa, to be inclined to something ; nocivo a saude, hurtful to health.

The adjectives signifying experience, knowledge, or science, require em, or no, na, nos, nas, after them ; as, versddo nos Ivoros, versed in books ; expertd na tnedicina, expert in medicine. The cardinal nouns require the genitive case after them ; as, hum dos dous, one of the two. Of the Syntax of the Comparatives and Super- latives. The comparative is not made of the positive in Portuguese, as in Latin and English, but by adding mats more, or minos less, which govern que, signify- ing than; as, o todohe mayor que a parte, the whole is greater than the part ; o siu amdnte he mats bello, mais mdgo, e mais rico que ella, her lover is handsomer, younger, and richer than she is ; iu dcho-o agora minos hello do que qudndo o comprei, I now find it less handsome than when I brought it.

O miu livro he tao hello Como o vosso, my book is as handsome as yours; hum principe nao he tao po- deroso como hum riy, a prince is not so powerful as a king. They put sometimes muito and pouco before the simple comparatives mais and minos ; as, ille he muito mais grdnde, he is taller by much ; ille hi pouco mais grdnde, he is taller by little, Sec. Of the Syntax of Pronouns.

In Portuguese the verb to be, on this occasion, is not impersonal ; and they express, it is f, by sou eu; it is thou, es tu ; it is he, he ilk; it is we, somes nos; it is ye, sdis vos, it is she, he ilia ; it is they, masc. The Portuguese seldom make use of the second person singular or plural, but when through a great familiarity anions friends, or speaking to God, or a father and mother to their children, or to servants; thus, you are in the right of it, is ex- pressed by vm ce tern vazab, instead of t hides razao ; como est a vm ce?

In the plural they say vni ccs. Observe here, that when ati adjective comes after vm ce V. Vos is also applied to a single person, but only speaking to interiors, or between familiar friends, to avoid the word thou, tu, which would be too gross and unmannerly. The pronouns conjunctive are joined to verbs, and stand for the dative and accusative cases, as, deu me, he gave me; dma-me, love me ; but the pronouns personal are used instead of them when they are preceded by a preposition, aud not imme- diately followed by a verb ; elle fdll6u contra mim, he spoke against me.

Remarks on the Pronouns. Him, or it, which follow the verb in English,, must be expressed in Portuguese, as in the following examples: When him or it in English follow the verb in the first person of the singular number, it must be ex- pressed in Portuguese by o before or after the verb. I call him or it, iu o chdmo, or eu chdmo-o.

Thou callest him or it, tu o chdmas, or tu chdma lo. When him or it is joined with the third person singular of a verb, it may be expressed by o before or after the verb. He calls him or it, ilk o chdma, or Site chdma-o. When him or it is with a verb in the first person plural, it may be expressed in Portuguese either by o before the verb, or lo after it, making an elision as in the second case.

We call him or it, nbs o chamdmos, or nbs chamdmo-lo. You call him or it, ws o chamdis, or vos chamcti-lo. When him or it follows the verb in the third per- son plural, it may be expressed in Portuguese either by. They call him or it, Hies o chdmao, or elks chdmao-no. Her or it after a verb in English is ex- pressed in Portuguese by a, according to the rules just now proposed. Them after a verb is expressed in Portu- guese by os for the masculine, and by as for the fe- minine, according to the gender and the rules pro- posed.

The words o, a, os, as, must always be put after the gerunds, but not before the infinitives. The words lo, la, los, las, must always be put after the verbs. Note, that I have been speaking of the words o, a, os, as, to, la, los, las, and not of the articles o, a, cs, as; because when those words precede, and sometimes when they follow the verbs, they are not articles, but pronouns relative.

They are articles only when they precede the nouns or pronouns. Of the Syntax of Verbs. The Portuguese, as well as English, use the se- cond person plural, though they address themselves but to a single person. And if we would speak in the third person, we must say, vem ce tern razao, sir, you are in the right. You must observe, that there is in Portuguese another way of making the passive, by adding the relative se to the third person singular or plural ; as dma se Dios, God is loved.

When there are two nominatives singular before a verb, it must be put in the plural number. When a noun is collective, the verb requires the singular, not the plural; as, a gent e est a olhdndo, the people are looking. Syntax of the auxiliary Verbs. The verb ter is made use of to conjugate all the compound tenses of verbs; as, tenlro amddo, tinha amddo, I have loved, I had loved. Ter signifies also to possess, to obtain ; as tenho dinheiro, I have money ; tern muiia capaciddde, he has a great deal of capacity. Haver, in account books and trade, expresses credit or discharge. HavSr is also taken impersonally in Portuguese, and it signifies in English there be; as ha muito dura no Mexico, there is a great quantity of gold in Mexico.

We have already observed the difference betwixt ser and est dr. The verb estdr is also used to conjugate the other verbs, chiefly expressing action ; as estvu lendo, estou escrevendo, I am reading, I am writing. See in the Third Part the different signi- fications of the verbs estar and haver. When sir signifies the possessive of one thing, it governs the genitive ; as, a rua hi d' el-rey, the street belongs to the king ; est a casa he de meupay, this house belongs to my father.

Em ser is taken for a thing to be whole or entire, without any alteration or mutilation ; as, asfazen- das estao em ser, the goods are not sold. When two verbs come together, with or without any nominative case, then the latter must be in the infinitive mood ; as, quer vm cc aprender afallar In- glez? All verbs active govern the accusative ; but if they are followed by a proper name of God, man, or woman, or any noun expressing their qualities or title, then it governs the dative case ; as, conhico a seu pay, I know his father ; Acharao a zfoao no caminko, they found John hi the road.

Also the verb of the infinitive mood has the same case, when verbs of wishing and the like come after them ; as, todos dezejao ser ricos, every body wishes to be rich ; antes quisera ser douto que parecek, I had rather be learned than be accounted so. After verbs the Portuguese express yes and no by que sim and que ndo, Example, creyo que sim, I be- lieve yes ; creyo que nao, I believe not ; digo que sim, I say yes ; cuido que nao, I think not ; aposto que sim, I lay yes ; quereis apostdr que nao?

The following verbs belong to this rule of the dative: Ir, to go ; as, vou a Paris, I go to Paris. Assistir, ajuddr, socorrir, to help ; as, assist ir ao officio divino, to assist at divine service. Sauddr, to salute or greet ; as, elle sduda a todos t he salutes every body. Falldr, to speak ; satizfazer, to satisfy ; servir, to serve; favorecer, to favour ; ameagdr, to threaten. The verbs of pleasing, displeasing, granting, de- nying, pardoning, will have the person in the da- tive case.

All the active verbs require an accusative; and the Latin verbs which govern the accusative of the things, and the dative of the person, govern gene- rally the same in Portuguese ; as, escrevei o que digo a vosso irmdo, write to your brother what I do say. Verbs of asking, teaching, arraying, will have an accusative of the doer or sufferer, and sometimes verbs neuter will have an accusative of the thing ; as, gozdr saude, to enjoy health ; pego iste favor, I ask this favour; ille toca muito bemfiduta, he plays very well on the flute ; curdr Jiuma doinga, to cure a sickness.

The verbs joined with a noun which they govern, must have the infinitive with de ; as ienho vontadc de rir, I am near laughing. The price of any thing bought or sold, or bar- tered, will have the accusative withpor. The verb par se, when it signifies to begin, must have the infinitive, with the particle a ; as, por-se a chorar, to begin to cry. Verbs of plenty, filling, emptying, loading, un- loading, will have the ablative ; as, esta terra abim- da de trigo ; this country abounds with corn ; elk estd carregado de miserias s lie is loaded with calami- ties.

Verbs that signify distance, receiving, or taking away, will have the ablative; as, a Madeira dista de Marrbcos milhas, Madeira lies miles from Morocco. Note, that the verbs signifying receiving,or taking away, generally require the ablative of the person ; hut they sometimes require an accusative: But the particle a is used to denote only the action ; as, elle jqi o primeiro afugir, he was the first to run away.

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The verbs of motion to a place always govern the dative ; as, vou a comedia, I go to the play. Though the verb voltar, to return, may also have an accusative, with the preposition para. But the verbs of motion from a place govern the ablative with de, do, da, dos, das; as, vhiho do cdmpo, I come from the country. I,f the motion is through a place, then the, verbs govern the accusative, with por; as, passarei por Lbndres, I will come by the way of London.

Of the Use and Construction of the Tenses. Though we have spoken at large upon the tenses in the First Part, you must, however, take notice. That when we find the particle if, which in Portuguese is expressed by se, before the imperfect indicative, we must generally use the imperfect sub- junctive in Portuguese ; example, se iu tivesse, if I had ; se eu pudesse, if I could. That the first imperfect subjunctive in Portu- guese is also used in a sense that denotes the present, especially in sentences of wishing ; as, quizera que Domingo jizesse bdm tempo, I wish it would be fine weather on Sunday.

But if the same tense is pre- ceded by ainda que, although, then it must be ren- dered into English by the second imperfect subjunc- tive, or by the imperfect indicative ; as, 6u nao a quizera, ainda que twesse milhoens de siu, though she was worth several millions, I would not have her ; ainda que elle consentisse nisso,. Lastly, when the first imperfect subjunctive is preceded by se, it is sometimes rendered into English by the second imperfect subjunctive ; as, se Hie viesse, if he should come.

The English are apt to put the first imperfect of the subjunctive where the Portuguese make use of the second ; as, I had been in the wrong, nao term tido razao ; and though they may say nao tivera tido razao, they may not say nao tivesse tido razao, to express the English of, I should hate been in the wrong, or I had been in the wrong. The Portuguese use the future tense subjunctive after the conjunction if, when they speak of a future action, but the English, the present indicative: A conjunction between two verbs obliges the last to be of the same number; person, and tense as the first: When the Portuguese use the infinitive with a third person in the plural, they add em to it, and it is generally preceded by por, for, and para, in order to, that, or to the end that; as Sites J'drao enforcddos por fur tar em, they were hanged for robbing ; para serem enformddos, that, to the end that they may be informed ; para poderem dizer, that they may be able to say.

But when they put para before it, then they speak of a time to come ; as para falldrmos, that, or to the end that we may speak, in order to speak. All the tenses of the indicative mood may be em- ployed without any conjunction before them ; but they admit also of some.

Besides the conjunction que, those that may be made use of are se, cdmo, and qudndo; with some distinction in respect to se be- cause this conjunction is seldom used before the fu- ture tense, and then it is governed by a verb signi- fying ignorance, doubt, or interrogation ; as, nao sei se had de vir, I do not know if they shall come! The optative or subjunctive in Portuguese has al- ways some sign annexed; as, oxala, prouvera a Deos, o se! When the verbs crer, to believe, saber, to know, are used interrogatively, and followed by the par- ticle que, the next verb is put in the indicative, when the person that asked the question makes no doubt of the thing which is the object in question ; as, if knowing that peace is made, I want to know if the people whom I converse with know it too, I will express myself thus, sabeis vos que est a felt a a paz f do you know that peace is made?

But if I have it only by a report, and doubt of it, and want to be informed of it, I must ask the question thus, sabeis vos que a paz estejafeita? You must observe also, that the present subjunc- tive of saber is elegantly used when it is attended by a negative, and the particle que in this phrase, nao que eu saiba, not that I know of.

All the verbs used impersonally with the particle que require the subjunctive ; as, he preciso que elle venha, he must come ; convent que isto sefaga, it is convenient that this be done. You must only ex- cept such sentences as express any positive assurance, or certainty ; as, he certo que vem, it is certain that he comes ; seique estdem cdsa,l know he is at home. From these observations it follows, that all the verbs not expressing a positive assurance, or believ- ing, but only denoting ignorance, doubt, fear, as- tonishment, admiration, wishing, praying, pretension, or desire, govern the subjunctive mood after que; as, duvido que possa, I doubt it is in his power ; temo que morra,!

When que is relative, and there is a verb in the imperative or in the indicative, with a negative or interrogation before it, it governs likewise the sub- junctive ; as nao ha cousa que mais me inquiete, there is nothing that disturbs me more ; ha cousa no mundo que mepossa dar tdnto gdsto? The present subjunctive is sometimes rendered in- to English by the second preterimperfect subjunc- tive, when it is followed by a verb in the future tense ; as, ainda que 6u trahcilhe, nunca hei de cangar, though I should work, I never would be tired.

The Portuguese use specially the same present subjunctive for the future ; as in these sentences, and others like: Nao duvido que venha, I do not doubt but he will come. Duvido que faga, I doubt that, or whether he will do it. Therefore avoid carefully those faults which fo- reigners are so apt to make,, in considering rather the tense which they want to turn into Portuguese, than the mood which the genius of the language requires.

The present indicative is also used for the future, as well as in English: The conjunction que, that, generally requires the subjunctive after it; but antes que, primeiro que, be- fore that, always requires it. Pbsto que, although; ate que, till ; qudndo, cbmo querque, which commonly govern the substantive. But com que assim governs the indicative; as, com que, or com que assim vira amanhaa, so he will come to-morrow. In Portuguese you must take care how you express though, or although; if it is by ainda que, you may put either the subjunctive or indicative after it: But if you render although or though by na5 obstante, then you must use the infinitive ; example, though he is an honest man ; nao obstante ser Hie homem honrado ; though he does this, nab obstante fazi r elle isto.

The impersonal verbs generally govern the sub- junctive with que; but with this distinction, when the impersonal is in the present tense or future,, of the indicative mood, then it requires the present subjunctive mood; but when the impersonal, or any other verb taken impersonally, is in any of the pre- terites indicative, then it governs the imperfect, per- fect, or pluperfect of the subjunctive, according to the meaning of speech ; as, importa muito que el-rey vejajudo, it is of great moment that the king may see all; foi convenient e que o principe fosse com elle, it was convenient that the prince should go with him.

The present subjunctive is likewise construed, when the particle por is separated from que, by an adjective; as, por grdnde, por admiravel, por douto que seja, though he be great, admirable, learned. Observe, that qudndo and logo que may also be construed with the indicative mood ; as, qudndo el rey vt tudo, nao o engdnao, when the king sees every thing, he is not deceived ; logo que chegou,fallei com Hie, as soon as he came, I spoke with him. Of the Infinitive Mood. In Portuguese there is not a general sign before the infinitive, as in English the particle to; but there are several particles used before the infinitive, denoting the same as to does in English, and they are governed by the preceding verbs or nouns.

These particles are the following: Para notes the intention or usefulness ; as, a ad- versidade serve para experimentar a paciencia, adver- sity serves to try one's patience. Of the Syntax of Participles and Gerunds. The active participles that follow the verb ter x to have, must end in o; as, Tenho msto el rey, I have seen the king. Eu tinha amado os livros, I had loved hooks. Eu tinha levado as cartas, I had carried the letters.

We meet with authors who sometimes make the participles agree with the thing of which they arc speaking; as, in Camoens y Canto 1, Stanza xxix. If it be a verb neuter, the participle ought always to terminate in o: When the active participle happens to precede an infinitive, it must be terminated in o; as ojuiz Ihe tinha feito cortdr acabega, the judge has caused his head to be cut off. The passive participles which are joined with the tenses of the verb ser, to be, agree with the substan- tive that precedes the verb ser ; o capitdo Joi lou- vddo, the captain was praised; a virtude he estimdda, virtue is esteemed ; os preguigosos sad censurddos, the lazy are blamed ; as vossasjoyasjorao vendidas, your jewels were sold.

The Portuguese generally suppress the gerunds having and being before the participles; as, dito isto 9 having said so ; acabddo o sermao, the sermon being ended. This manner of speaking is called by gram- marians ablatives absolute. Prepositions may be divided into separable and inseparable. An inseparable preposition is never found but in compound words, and signifies nothing of itself.

Com um tom de voz nos fala horrendo e grosso, Que pareceu sair do mar profundo: The greatest poet of the sixteenth century, as of all others in Portuguese poetry, is he who sang of. Luis de Camoens, author of the national epic, "Os Lusiadas," who lived in poverty and wretchedness, died in the Lisbon hospital, and, after death, was surnamed the Great,—a title never given before, save to popes and emperors.

The life of no poet is so full of vicissitude and romantic adventure as that of Camoens. Fifteen years afterward, a splendid monument was erected to his memory; so that, as has been said or another, "he asked for bread, and they gave him a stone. The world with endless beauty teems, And though evokes new worlds of dreams Hunt then the flying herds of themes! And fan, still fan, thy fervid fire, Until thy crucibled gold shall show That fire can purge as well as glow.

In ordered ardour, nobly strong, Flame to the height of epic song. Base is the world; and some rehearse Now noblest meet ignoble scorn, Vain now thy ardour, vain thy fire, Delirium mere, unsound desire; Fate's knife hath ripped thy corded lyre. Exhausted by the exacting lay, Thou dost but fall a surer prey To wile and guile ill understood; While they who work them, fair in face, Still keep their strength in prudent place, And claim they worthier run life's race, Serving high God with useful good. Ed or quella del colto, e buon Luigi, Tant 'oltre stende il glorioso volo, Ch'i tuoi spalmati legni andar men lunge.

Ond'a quelli, a cui s'alza il nostro polo, Ed a chi ferma incontra i suoi vestigi, Per lui del corso tuo la fama aggiunge. Just like Love is yonder rose. Wikisource has original works written by or about: Retrieved from " https: Portuguese poets Playwrights deaths Portuguese Epic poets.

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