Le catastrophisme grotesque (SAVOIR) (French Edition)

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The only content we will consider removing is spam, slanderous attacks on other members, or extremely offensive content eg. We will not remove any content for bad language alone, or being critical of a particular book. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. Want to Read saving… Error rating book. Supernatural Car Chase or Joy Ride? A document of that sort is difficult to analyze because it contains a lot of old Maya culture, but it all has been translated into some kind of Christian culture.

People from Gipuzkoa

For example, the true God, the true Dios, now is not Kukulkan, quoted though once page 92, but this true God is Hunab-Ku, an old Maya entity but apparently only mentioned at the end of the Maya culture before the arrival of the Spaniards. He is stated here, after the Christianization of the Maya, as the fundamental god, the creator of the world.

Yet the main God is clearly most often Christianized as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, though the last member of the trinity is rarely quoted. But at times this document, translated from Spanish, itself translated from 19th century Maya, is tricky. For example, page 88 we have: Fire shall be kindled with a fire-drill as a sign of the Maya Virgin.

Hunab-Ku is in his only virgin Church, where he cries. A note explains that during the colonial period the most famous shrine in Yucatan was that of the Virgin of Izamal, where many cures were performed. Here, however, we are reminded of Zubuy-kak, the Fire-Virgin, who was the goddess of little girls.

She was said to be the deified daughter of a ruler, a member of an order of virgins or nuns who served the gods Lizana , ff. Then Hunab-Ku is presented as follows by a note: Hunab-Ku was "the only living and true God, also the greatest of the gods of the people of Yucatan" Motul , p. But that is not enough and in one sentence the Encyclopedia Britannica densifies the character: That means there is a lot of work to do if we want to really enter this document. But right now what is most important is the fact that the Maya religion, the Maya mythology was completely rooted out of Maya culture and Christianity was imposed on all and yet the Maya culture resisted and managed to survive and the Catholic Church used the same procedure they used in Europe and the Mediterranean basin when it became the religion of the Roman Empire and after the fall of the empire: They did that with the Celts and many other religions, and before them, the Greeks had done the same thing with the Turkic religion they found in the Balkans: It becomes slightly pathetic when the document speaks of all the evil events the Maya suffered from in the old days including partly the days before the Spanish conquest but essentially after the conquest like epidemics, particularly smallpox, massacres, and many other drastic events, not to speak of the complete control of all powers, political, social and religious, over the Maya.

The deculturation was complete and the acculturation was supposed to be complete, and yet many elements survived either because they were tolerated and integrated into the Christian religion, or because they were kept in spite of all. One thing is clear though in the final pages of predictions, including the Book of Katun-Prophecies.

The Maya are just waiting for the end of the world and the Last Judgment to happen soon and even if we follow the thirteen katun in or around. The world has been turned into a vast valley of tears and the only aim is to reach the end of it as predicted by the running of the katuns. That shows how, in spite of a Christianization of these katuns to correspond to the Christian calendar, the Mayas kept their long-count calendar and their long-count vision of the past and the future.

Thus, the period concerned starts in and ends in with some mistakes, and since a katun is twenty years long thirteen katuns have to be years long. Unluckily we should speak of Maya years of days, the basic unit for the long-count calendar. Over twenty katuns, there should be a total deficit of three years and days due to the accumulation of the five-day deficit of each Maya year.

The final note is the fact that this prophetic part contains mistakes and for example jump from the fifth katun to the seventh katun, skipping the sixth katun, and later after the eighth katun one katun is not ranked in the series property, enabling to have thirteen katuns at the end but with three katuns badly numbered and ranked in the middle. Two katuns are dated as starting in and after these two katuns, we jump to The second katun should be The notes in the book published in explain some details but they do not tackle the main problem which is the deculturation of the Maya and their acculturation into Christianity, and the subsequent second problem that is revealed by the mixing of the two culture in some, at times, strange ways.

We should also speak of the ecocide but it started a long time before, and had even always existed in Mesoamerica before the arrival of the Spaniards because their agriculture was ruining the soil in three to five years, drought was a real problem that prevented the possibility to properly feed the overpopulated country, and the practice of sexual self-sacrifice by men caused some kind of cruel contraception plus numerous infections they had actually inventoried.

You do not capture this dimension of ecocide that went on for two or maybe three millennia before the arrival of the Spaniards and the conquest did not simplify the problem because of the genocide. And the ethnocide destroyed the will to fight, the will to survive among the surviving population. In fact, the cultural resistance we see in this document seems to prove that some desire to survive was still at work in the 19th century, even though some worse periods of ethnocide and segregation was still to come, particularly in the 20th century.

It is in a way amazing that over the last fifty years a complete revival took place, slow at first and very rapid over the last twenty years. We have to understand that the old Maya glyphs only became really decipherable in the s and s. Since then things have gone very fast indeed. Plenty of work still to do. The Greatness of the Maya before ethnocide and genocide The main interest of this book is that it follows the standard history of the Maya from beginning to end and city after city.

The index is then very useful to follow one particular city or one pa The Greatness of the Maya before ethnocide and genocide The main interest of this book is that it follows the standard history of the Maya from beginning to end and city after city. The index is then very useful to follow one particular city or one particular reference. Each case is both described in what has survived, in what we can know about them and what has been said about them too.

The bringing up together of the whole subject in some synthetic approach on some questions is at the end of the book and it is both useful because very synthetic and frustrating because very skimpy. This synthesis though gives us some elements about the language, the writing system, the mathematics, the calendars, the four codices and a fast survey of what happened after the arrival of the Spaniards and what has been the fate of the Mayas since this arrival.

Ethnocide targets the destruction of the culture of a people to force them into deculturation and then into acculturation in a culture that has little to do with their original culture. The book though insists on the fact the various Spanish and then Ladino people who imposed that ethnocide could easily succeed because of the many common points between Maya religion and Christianity.

The book insists on the fact that the Maya main god, the Maize God, is very similar to Jesus because he is put to death every year after the harvest for the winter and it is resurrected every spring from the very maize kernels or grains. For the Maya, maize is not a simple plant, but it is a person, a divine being that must be sacrificed every year to be able to be reborn the following year.

Genocide, on the other hand, is the killing of as many members of this group, the Maya, as possible in the shortest time possible. Maybe the book does not insist enough on the fact that this divine sacrifice has deep roots in a more general mythology, particularly the Popol Vuh and the Divine Twins. The rebirth of the Maize god is to be obtained with the sacrifice of animals, but especially self-sacrifice with bloodletting, and human sacrifice.

The book insists on the fact the sacrificed human beings were war prisoners, slaves, and orphans or handicapped children. I am not sure this is enough. Such human sacrifices or self-sacrifices created a demographic problem that might have partly been the result of some kind of dealing with overpopulation with sexual self-sacrifice for men that resulted in some kind of contraception, with the sacrifice of males that resulted in less sexual male partners, and with the sacrifice of orphans and handicapped children that led to both eugenics and the reduction of male sexual procreators.

It must be clearly said that such practices targeted men and practically only men, carried out by male priests and helpers, and this male domination is a typical trait of post-Ice Age agriculture. A last remark on this topic is that it does not — and I guess it cannot — indicate the real origin of such a vast practice, though it seems to have been contained within some limits by the Maya, whereas it was brought to some extreme levels by the Aztecs. It is yet remarkable that such massive human sacrifices were a common trait of all south and Meso American civilization from what is today Peru to Mexico.

The author should also have insisted on the fact that such practices were absolutely marginal among northern American Indians. The debate about John Smith and Pocahontas is typical: John Smith was put through a procedure of integration in the tribe Pocahontas represented and not in any way menaced in his life.

The second question this synthesis brings up is that of the Maya language that we only know through its writing system. This writing system is only available in surviving inscriptions in stone or in wall paintings or on all kinds of tools, utensils, and objects for everyday life or for body embellishment: The book cannot answer how long it took the Maya to devise and develop this written language and it cannot answer the simple question of how long Maya language had been in existence before the Maya society invented the writing system that needed an elite body of writing scribes.

The fact that the Spaniards destroyed all the books the Maya had, except four that managed to escape that ethnocidal action, is depriving us of the necessary information about the past, the mythology, the history, etc. The timeline generally given is based too much on what we have at our disposal which is only what has survived and was produced in a highly advanced society. A human society does not decide to build pyramids and massive temples and vast cities in one generation 30 years.

The only thing we know is that such massive constructions only appeared after the peak of the Ice Age and it took many thousand years for the social organizations that would build these constructions to emerge and stabilize. But what must be studied today is the timeline of such constructions. Satellite-viewing has revealed the same type of constructions exists in the high valley of Amazonia.

Are they older than the Maya pyramids or younger? Are they the proof this stone constructing civilization went up north from the south or down south from the north? In the second hypothesis, where did they come from since we do not find such stone constructions in Northern America? The object of this book is not to explore the language itself. So, do not expect a lot of detail.

This remark can be extended to what is said about the mathematics and the calendars of the Maya. You will have to look for more information and I must admit that the role of Venus who is the embodiment of the second most important God, Kukulkan the Maya version of Quetzalcoatl, the Plumed Serpent , who is a God who was sacrificed and whose Second Coming is announced from the East on some kind of ship. The Spaniards were wrongly understood by some like the Aztecs as being the Second Coming of Quetzalcoatl.

In fact, such parallel visions should bring us to the question of how in so distant places on earth civilizations that were so un-connected could devise such parallel visions. What made Maya or Mesoamerican mythologies produce patterns that are so parallel and similar to those produced by Biblical writers and even before them Zoroastrian or Sumerian Mesopotamian writers.

There is no direct connection between these two geographical and historical zones and periods. So, do humans have some mental frame that is the same all over the world and hence has a unique source? Jacques Coulardeau rated a book it was amazing How Language Began: The result is the same: This is pre-postmodern because it states a solution that is in no way proved and yet that accepts no alternative or questioning. Chomsky is nevertheless the linguist who inspired this scientific domain from to or so. He has now been severely questioned and challenged for something like twelve years.

Against his innate approach, he had many other linguistic schools, most of them refusing to debate on the origin of language in conformity with the decision of the Paris Linguistic School at the end of the 19th century, a decision that reflected the anti-religious secular approach of life in the full process of establishing itself in France then.

A few, alas, very few, accepted to speak of the evolution of language over a very long period of time, and subsequently of the geographical origin of our languages declared to be one in what is today Black Africa with the emergence of Homo Sapiens there from Homo Erectus or Homo Ergaster. Note here that the standard European method invented in the 19th century to study old states of our modern European languages, the retrospective reconstruction of the more than famous Proto Indo-European could not go beyond a historical distance of about 15, years which means not even the peak of the last glaciation which is 21, years ago.

Any retrospective method comes to a point when everything is either nil or infinite in mathematical calculations.

1793 births

The main shortcoming of this PIE retrospective chase is the fact that the simple triad of questions about who were these people, where did they come from, and what language did they speak before is not even considered. The present book rejects this method and this retrospective approach. And that is postmodern indeed whereas the PIE supporters are definitely pre-postmodern.

What is surprising is that so many in Europe and the Western world are still sticking to this obvious blocking retrospective or backward reconstructive method. Everett does not fall in this trap. And unrealistic is definitely a semantic and semiological understatement. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field, but for Adam, there was not found a helper suitable for him. It is a combination of meaning, form, gestures, and pitch. It is not itself language.

Language, whatever its biological basis, is shaped by psychology, history, and culture. He is right to speak of the necessary mutations that were selected and that made this evolution possible. Why did Hominins become bipedal is another question that Everett does not answer. But here it is what Everett misses: The radical change in lifestyle brought to Hominins when they became bipedal by the natural selection of a genetic accident.

He also forgets to analyze the consequences of this change. But it also narrowed the hips of women and it lengthened the dependence of the young on their mothers for breastfeeding, and then food and protection. Homo Erectus gave rise to three species. Neanderthals, massive individuals and well adapted to the climate of the Middle East and Europe.

Behind a wall of silence, legitimate concerns, a suspicion or nothing, then the universal infinite

Denisovans of whom we know little but they covered the whole of Asia. We know that Homo Sapiens was an agile bipedal long distance fast runner and this characteristic narrowed the hips of women some more and it lengthened the period during which the young had to be taken care of breastfed, then fed and overlook, be it only for protection. To reach three or four children brought to adult age per woman the fertile ones who lived at least 29 years life expectancy at the time had to have, over fifteen to sixteen years of their life a good eight or ten children, a child every one year and a half.

Everett never considers this fact, and note he is not the only one. In fact, I have hardly found nothing but a few side-remarks on the subject of women, pregnancies and children among Homo Sapiens from their emergence to the Ice Age, and even after it, in most of the research I have read on the subject. To the point that I think there is a male-bias in archaeology and anthropology. If we consider the breastfeeding of the young for twelve months, then the dependence in which they are going to live for three more years or even more, some social organization is necessary to do it on a regular basis.

A woman hence always has a child in her womb, or at her breast or on her hip or back. Women then had a full schedule with this activity and that means they specialized in taking care of children. This implies a division of labor that sets women in a very clear position: Note this has to be extended to Homo Erectus.

If the organization was good, some women, on a rotating basis, could be freed every day for gathering and collecting various food items, or other activities like painting the caves , while those taking care of the children shared their milk and care over several children, including some who were not their own. Unluckily Everett does not consider these elements and I think he misses an essential point. The shift of Homo Erectus from the African forests to the vast open plains of Northern Africa, Asia Minor, Europe, and Asia obliged them to devise hunting methods based on collective and coordinated work over vast areas with communication among the hunters.

And that is the main point, for males at least. Journeymen were the mere appendages of the yeomanry of small masters. This period is noted for the struggle between the Monarchy and Parliament and the establishment of the Republic from There were two parties in the commons, the Presbyterians Landowners and the Independents squires, gentry and merchants. Oliver Cromwell was a squire and a member of the Independents. There were large divisions between rich and poor exacerbated by enclosure of the common land by the landowning class.

These were the enclosure riots. The was a continuing battle by parliament to check the power of the king and defend its own interests. Land was the decisive factor. The gentry were becoming more and more alienated from aristocratic rule.

The Presbyterian party in parliament led by Lord Essex and Lord Manchester were for more parliamentary control of the King. They wanted a constitutional monarch checked by the power of parliament. The Independents led by Pym and Hampden and supported by republicans like Cromwell, Ireton and Marten wanted the King to surrender to parliament. Farm labourers, artisans and the poor were not represented in parliament.

The gentry and the squires represented the democratic interests in parliament. The English revolution was a class struggle between the Monarchy and parliament represented by squires, the yeomanry, lawyers and merchants. The civil war started in at Edge Hill when the King and his advisors refused to discuss with parliament. The civil war ended at Naseby in Northamptonshire in Charles sought help from the Scots and was defeated and arrested at Preston. This was an army of professional soldiers, composed of artisans, farm labourers, i.

This army was a kind of proletarian army who fought against the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie. In elements in the army — mainly the agitators — took control. Presbyterian leaders connived to protect the King and wanted to disband the army. Parliament prevaricated and in Colonel Thomas Pride marched into Parliament and arrested Presbyterian leaders and ensured that there would be no more negotiations with the King.

The Levellers — a movement amongst craftsmen, artisans and small craftsmen — drew up a charter of rights. It was the sovereignty of the people and manhood suffrage that Leveller leaders like Lilburne, Walwyn and Marten fought for. The Levellers were the left wing of the democratic movement in the army and were opposed to the Army Grandees of Cromwell, Fairfax and Ireton.

The Leveller movement emerged in the army and put their demands to the Grandees at Burford Church in Putney in Craftsmen and agitators like Thomas Rains, Cornet Joyce and John Wildman debated with Cromwell, Fairfax and Ireton the rights of the common people for manhood suffrage.

Cyril Pierre topics

Some Levellers excluded paupers and wage labourers from the free people. There was no agreement between the agitators and the grandees. Cromwell terminated the debates at Putney and ordered the agitators back to their regiments. The Leveller revolt was over, many Levellers were arrested and some were executed. On 30 th January Charles 1 st was executed and a Republic was declared. The Levellers still continued to fight on. They were the democratic wing who advocated natural rights and manhood suffrage but rejected communism.

They embraced private property and looked back to the Norman yoke and Anglo Saxon rights against the Normans in the 12 th Century. The sanctity of property and their desire to extend democracy was within the limits of capitalist society. They had a utopian view of society, they hoped that other people would form communities without private property or wage labour. The Diggers were utopian in that they believed by digging or using the waste lands, forests and parks that were enclosed that the Grandees and Cromwell would not evict them.

Cromwell asserted the right of private property and the enclosure of common land. The Diggers in were defeated and were evicted from their communities or just left. Winstanley had great foresight. But they failed to appreciate that capitalist society after the Cromwellian Revolution would combat communism and treat it as its mortal enemy. The working class had not emerged and there were no organisations like friendly societies or Trade Unions to organise the poor.

This would emerge in the period following the English Revolution in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. To conclude Winstanley and the diggers were a revolutionary movement of proletarians during the 17 th century. Their communism was based on utopian ideals particularly the bible.

An Alien Perspective of the Earth 外星人 前景

They believed that this was their solution to the poverty surrounding them. There was no organisation to support them in their universal campaign to till the soil, work together and share. Because of their utopian and non-violent beliefs the Diggers were unprepared to deal with emerging capitalism. Winstanley and his followers believed that by example everyone would allow them to continue practising their communism. Communism would need a scientific and materialist basis which was to be developed by Marx and Engels in the 19 th century.

But their tradition was not lost. In the 18 th century Thomas Spence would advance a theory of agrarian communism. As the working class developed from the ss corresponding societies would emerge. The ideas of Marx and Engels would be crucial in understanding how the emancipation of the working class could be put on a scientific basis.

Studies in the Interpretation of the English Revolution p. Verteidigt die Bewegung der "Gelbe Westen" gegen staatliche Repression! Nach No-GroKo — Wie weiter? Defensores de Bolsonaro agreden y asesinan a poblacion opositora Siria: Guerra comercial global - no al patrioterismo de gran potencia en Occidente y Oriente!

El gobierno de Macron se desmorona gracias a la organizacion obrera Brasil: Editorial Prensa 16 Mexico: El feminicidio de Mara Mexico: Programa de Accion para Venezuela Brasil: Le soulevement populaire renverse le gouvernement pro-FMI!

Solidarite avec les manifestations de masse Jerusalem est la capitale de la Palestine Arretez l'esclavage des migrants africains en Libye Zimbabwe: La chute de Mugabe Zimbabwe: A bas le coup militaire! Non au regime dynastique de Mugabe! For the rights of Migrants! Masowe aresztowania po protestach przeciwko reformie emerytalnej Putina Czy restauracja kapitalistyczna w Korei Polnocnej przekroczyla Rubikon W jakim sensie mozna mowic o przywracaniu kapitalizmu w Korei Polnocnej?

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