Werke von August Schnezler (German Edition)

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This edition shows how many different scientific areas and domains Lavater's works touch upon. Unfortunately here too, the texts are only abridged or in excerpt form. Each individual text is preceded by a short introduction, but annotation does not go beyond indicating the most rudimentary references to literary, biblical and personal sources. These three editions - Georg Gessner's, Johann Kaspar von Orelli's and Ernst Staehelin's - were not primarily destined for an academic, specialised public.

They were rather intended as a type of "reader", making selected texts by Johann Caspar Lavater accessible to a broader lay readership. In addition to these three editions, there are also more recent, individual Reclam editions 4 or texts 5. The existance of these editions increased the demand for an edition that would meet present day academic requirements.

Lavater's letters - over 20, of them - are to be found in the Central Library in Zurich. Yet most of them are editorially practically still untouched, although this body of correspondance, within which the central religious and intellectual themes of the day were discussed, is an epistolary network of fascinating depth and breadth covering nearly all of Europe. The last few years have witnessed a revival of interest in this fascinating and contradictory person, doubtless the best-known figure of 18 th century Zurich.

Certain correspondance has been edited 6 and earlier travel diaries and others which Lavater himself did not make public have been published 7. The register appeard as second supplementary volume of Johann Caspar Lavater selected works in historical critical edition 8. On the occasion of Johann Caspar Lavater's th birthday, the "Zwingliverein Zurich" and the "Historische Kommission zur Erforschung des Pietismus" Berlin organized a symposium in Zurich in which aspects of Lavater's works and activities were examined from several different academic perspectives 9.

This symposium made it absolutely clear that no further research into Lavater could be done before a new edition of his most important works had been undertaken and published. During his lecture, Prof. Gerhard Ebeling, formerly of the Faculty of Theology at Zurich University, was most emphatic on this point Rudolf Dellsperger took the initiative and on 12 th June well-known academics from both Switzerland and abroad, and most of whom had already participated in the above-mentioned symposium, came together for the first time to discuss the planning of a historico-critical edition of Lavater's works.

Alfred Schindler and Minister Dr.

Breadcrumb

Karl Pestalozzi and Prof. Christoph Siegrist, both from Basle, Prof. Horst Weigelt from Bamberg, D. Martin Sauer from Wiesbaden. From this initial planning group emerged the circle of editors which today still includes nearly all of those mentioned above. Gerhard Ebeling and Prof. Ulrich Im Hof have retired. The editorial circle was joined in by Dr. Peter Opitz all from Zurich and in by Prof.

Simone Zurbuchen Fribourg and from onwards by Prof. Johann Caspar Lavater's collected works number over titles, proportions that cannot really be fully embraced. For this obvious reason, it was decided from the onset not to include all the works that Lavater had given for publication in the new historico-critical edition. The decision to limit the edition to selected works was also one justified for reasons of content. This can be the only explanation for the over 22, sheets that he collected in his Physiognomisches Kabinett, most of them labelled and mounted in a passpartout.

Between and , the following works were written: In , Lavater was offered a Preacher's Chair at the St. Ansgar Church in Bremen. Although he did not accept it, he travelled to the city, where he was given a frenzied welcome by the citizens of Bremen. He was arrested in and deported to Basel. Upon his return to Zurich, he was too badly wounded by a bullet in an incident with a drunken French soldier to be able to recover completely again. Lavater died in Zurich on 2 nd January after nearly two years of suffering. In the last quarter of the 18 th century, Europe is more aware of Johann Caspar Lavater than of any other Zuricher.

He is recognized as a patriot, preacher and pastor, writer, correspondant and friend:. Lavater's sermons were like magnets. People flocked to St. Peter's from everywhere to hear Lavater preach. Lavater's sermons had such a forceful effect because, to quote Goethe, "Lavater refuses all terminology; he speaks and acts from the fullness of his heart and seems to transport those listening into an unknown world by leading them into the unsuspected reaches and realms of their own hearts". Today we can only read the sermons he made in should we have the time to do so.

What, however, brought them alive was the aura of this charismatic person, Lavater, the man with the "moonbeam face" Claudius. Goethe describes him the following way: When near him, people were pure and innocent, so as not to bring adversity to touch him. After the sermons, many people who had come both from Lavater's own parish as well as from further afield would seek Lavater's pastoral advice.

Lavater's life and work were characterized by the imitation of Christ, by the search for the divine in Man. The soul can be explored and revealed through observation; it can be perfected by leading a virtuous and Christian life. In the Physiognomische Fragmente Lavater revokes introversion and instead uses external observation to judge and classify man. Yet again here, it is the soul that is observed and judged, the soul that reveals itself - as the theory of physiognomy teaches - in the face of man.

According to Lavater's theology, the aim of man's life is self-perfection in this life, in the life we lead on earth, a life that we can after all, as enlightened people, decide upon ourselves.

Man should therefore try to ressemble Christ, the archetype of mankind, as closely as possible in this life. Here we clearly see how firmly Lavater's roots were anchored in the Enlightenment. He tries to support all his reflexions scientifically by explaining and substantiating them in a rational and comprehensible way.

This is achieved through the use of analogy. If things are so, then so must they be. However, as with the hierarchy in the animal world from frogs to gods, somewhere along the line he goes beyond the limits of the really explicable and comes to conclusions that have little to do with reason and far more to do with his own religious imagination. The representatives of the Enlightenment then branded him a visionary zealot, because of his "miracle-seeking", his quest for superhuman, or rather, supernatural forces.

Biography and Works

The 18 th century called those "zealots" who sought an individual approach to religious truth and protested faith in Chiliasm. Already in December , in a letter to Johann Georg Zimmermann concerning Frau von Tavel Tavel and Zimmermann had quarreled , Lavater makes a rather delicate confusion between apostolic force and narcistic feelings of omnipotence when he writes letter of What would Paul write, if he corresponded secretly with Fr. Tavel, as I do, what would he write her about the way she was proceding against Z.? I shall set up a draft of such a letter in Paul's name - an imitation of Philemon.

Even in the 18 th century, when letter-writing was at its height, Lavater was a phenomenon. In the 18 th century, letters, in their semi-public form, served as a communication network for scholars. The letters they received were sent on or handed over to friends - but not before the most important passages had been selected and copied. Not only did he have to reply to thousands of letters every year, and that in addition to his authorial activity often in letter form, too and the writing of sermons, he also had to put these letters in order and - if necessary - pass them on to others.

The enormity of his epistolary work does not become obvious until one takes a closer look at Lavater's unpublished works in the Manuscript Room of Zurich Central Library.

Unfortunately, only very few letters and replies have been edited to date. Hegel, appeared as the 19th and last book. According to medieval legend, this was a precious cup possessing miraculous powers. The conservative press sharply criticised the author: The Rheinische Zeitung , published with the active co-operation of Young Hegelians, came out in defence of the pamphlet in No.

The author, it wrote on May 18, , had imitated the pietist tone very skilfully. Socinianism after the Italian theologian Faustus Socinus — a religious doctrine widespread in Poland in the late 16th and the early 17th century, and later in certain other European countries. They were used in ardent Rome for official fortune-telling when danger threatened the state.

Some of his articles were signed F. After moving to Cologne in October , he became its editor and held the post until March 17, Their demand found expression in a protest by seven professors at G6ttingen University Albrecht, Dahlmann, Gervinus, jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Ewald and Wilhelm Weber , for which they were dismissed from theirposts. In March , he was dismissed from his post as lecturer in theology on account of his atheistic views and opposition speeches.

Presumably Engels wanted to continue it, but this intention did not materialise. The Greater Panathenaea were celebrated with especial magnificence in the third year of each Olympiad and were accompanied by contests of poets and musicians. In other years the festival was known as the Lesser Panathenaea. It was signed on June 8, , and proclaimed the German Confederation, which originally comprised 34 independent states and 4 free cities.

Seitenfunktionen

The Federal Act intensified the political disunity of Germany and preserved the absolutist feudal regime in the German states. This review was published in the Evangelische Kirchen-Zeitung Nos. The quotations given by Engels are from No. In November the weavers of Lyons rose in a revolt which was followed, in June , by an armed uprising of the Paris workers led by the petty-bourgeois republicans.

A second revolt of the Lyons workers broke out in April and was supported by armed struggle under republican slogans in Paris, Saint-Etienne, Grenoble, Clermont-Ferrand and other towns. When he moved to Berlin in September and made contact with the Young Hegelians he became increasingly convinced that political half-heartedness and hostility to philosophical radicalism of the Young Germany movement made it incapable of becoming the exponent of progressive ideas and the champion of consistent struggle against outdated institutions.

Engels uses the old title. This phrase is commonly thought to have been coined by Talleyrand in reference to the Bourbons. Its origin, however, goes back to Admiral de Panat who, in , said about the Royalists: The reception was used as a pretext for suppressing the journal in December of that year. In word the instruction disapproved of the restrictions imposed on literary activity, but in fact it preserved and even tightened government control over the press under the cover of phrases about liberal and moderate censorship.

The Chamber did not resume its work until after new elections held in January The most important discrepancies between the manuscript and the newspaper version are given in the footnotes. This pamphlet resulted in legal proceedings against its author. It was only the Senate of Appeal of the Supreme Court that unconditionally acquitted Jacoby in its ruling of January 20, Engels is quoting both pamphlets by Jacoby. The poem was widely commented on in the German and Swiss press.

Its publication was announced in the radical Zurich paper Schweizischer Republikaner on December 9, No. Excerpts from it were reprinted in several Leipzig periodicals, among them Friekugeln No. Its members advocated radical and atheistic views and condemned the half-heartedness of liberalism. With the help of this body, which was a mockery of a representative institution, Frederick William IV hoped to enforce new taxes and obtain a loan.

Busts of many famous Germans were collected there. The author discussed the problem from an abstract, nihilist point of view, which prompted Marx to enter into a polemic with him. Marx, however, did not finish the article he planned. Its beginning exists in manuscript see present edition, Vol. On May 29, , the Rheinische Zeitung began publishing excerpts from De la Centralisation, a pamphlet by Louis Cormenin which appeared in Paris in under the pseudonym of Timon. Engels used this occasion to express his views on the issue and on West-European liberalism in general.

They lasted, with intermissions, from to and resulted in the consolidation of royal power, whose mainstay was the Catholic Church. During these wars Paris was the stronghold of Catholicism, and the southern provinces of France were the centre of the Huguenot movement. It consisted of representatives of the three estates of clergy, nobles and commons and sanctioned the, levying of taxes and money subsidies to the king.

Footnotes to Volume 1 of Marx Engels Collected Works

Under the absolutist regime the states-general were not convened for years, from They met in May , at the time of the maturing bourgeois revolution, and on June 17 were transformed by the deputies of the third estate into a National Assembly, which proclaimed itself a Constituent Assembly on July 9 and became the supreme organ of revolutionary France. Marx was also invited to contribute, but the new journal did not materialise and the articles intended for it were published in the summer of as a collection entitled Einundzwanzig Bogen aus der Schweiz.

At its root lay the controversy over the religion of children born into mixed Catholic and Protestant families. They were composed of the heads of princely families and representatives of the nobility, the towns and the rural communities. The estates principle of representation, coupled with a system of election based on a high tax and property qualification, ensured the predominance of the nobility in the Landtags. The jurisdiction of the provincial diets was limited to matters of local economy and administration. They could also express an opinion on government bills submitted for discussion.

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