Computers and Writing: Issues and Implementations
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The most famous script, DOCTOR, simulated a Rogerian psychotherapist and used rules, dictated in the script, to respond with non-directional questions to user inputs. According to Weizenbaum, ELIZA's ability to be "incrementally improved" by various users made it similar to Eliza Doolittle, [6] since Eliza Doolittle was taught to speak with an upper-class accent in Shaw's play.
Practical implementation issues
Weizenbaum first implemented ELIZA in his own SLIP list-processing language, where, depending upon the initial entries by the user, the illusion of human intelligence could appear, or be dispelled through several interchanges. Some of ELIZA's responses were so convincing that Weizenbaum and several others have anecdotes of users becoming emotionally attached to the program, occasionally forgetting that they were conversing with a computer. Weizenbaum was surprised by this, later writing, "I had not realized In , interactive computing via a teletype was new.
It was 15 years before the personal computer became familiar to the general public, and three decades before most people encountered attempts at natural language processing in Internet services like Ask. Although those programs included years of research and work, ELIZA remains a milestone simply because it was the first time a programmer had attempted such a human-machine interaction with the goal of creating the illusion however brief of human- human interaction. ELIZA starts its process of responding to an input by a user by first examining the text input for a "keyword".
The input sentence is then manipulated and transformed as the rule associated with the keyword of the highest RANK directs. This also demonstrates how certain words, as dictated by the script, can be manipulated regardless of contextual considerations, such as switching first-person pronouns and second-person pronouns and vice versa, as these too had high precedence numbers. Such words with high precedence numbers are deemed superior to conversational patterns, and are treated independently of contextual patterns.
Following the first examination, the next step of the process is to apply an appropriate transformation rule, which includes two parts, the "decomposition rule" and the "reassembly rule". Using the keywords and other nearby words from the input, different disassembly rules are tested until an appropriate pattern is found.
Using the script's rules, the sentence is then "dismantled" and arranged into sections of the component parts as the "decomposition rule for the highest ranking keyword" dictates. The example that Weizenbaum gives is the input "I are very helpful" remembering that "I" is "You" transformed , which is broken into 1 empty 2 I 3 are 4 very helpful. The decomposition rule has broken the phrase into four small segments, that contain both the keywords and the information in the sentence. The decomposition rule then designates a particular reassembly rule, or set of reassembly rules, to follow when reconstructing the sentence.
The reassembly rule then takes the fragments of the input that the decomposition rule had created, rearranges them, and adds in programmed words to create a response. Using Weizenbaum's example previously stated, such a reassembly rule would take the fragments and apply them to the phrase "What makes you think I am 4 " which would result in "What makes you think I am very helpful". This example is rather simple, since depending upon the disassembly rule, the output could be significantly more complex and use more of the input from the user.
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However, from this reassembly, ELIZA then sends the constructed sentence to the user in the form of text on the screen. One Weizenbaum specifically wrote about was when there is not a keyword. While these functions were all framed in ELIZA's programming, the exact manner by which the program dismantled, examined, and reassembled inputs is determined by the operating script.
Practical implementation issues
However, the script is not static, and can be edited, or a new one created, as is necessary for the operation in the context needed thus how ELIZA can "learn" new information. This also allows the program to be applied in multiple situations, including the well-known DOCTOR script, which simulates a Rogerian psychotherapist, but also a script called "STUDENT", which is capable of taking in logical analysis parameters and using it to give the answers to problems of related logic.
Another version of Eliza popular among software engineers is the version that comes with the default release of GNU Emacs , and which can be accessed by typing M -x doctor from most modern emacs implementations. ELIZA influenced a number of early computer games by demonstrating additional kinds of interface designs. The game Deus Ex: Human Revolution features an artificial intelligence news anchor named Eliza Cassan. From Judgment to Calculation , in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear in people's minds his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of the human being and any life form for that matter.
Implementing Learning Technology
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Additional difficulties will arise if you intend to support student access to LT materials from computers at remote sites e. Students may require support in getting started with the LT materials provided. Remember that the basic specifications quoted for a product are likely to be the minimum specifications. Kindle Cloud Reader Read instantly in your browser. This book offers a survey of the wide area of Computers and Writing, and describes current work in the design and use of computer-based tools for writing. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. Ensuring academic standards are maintained may mean that there is a requirement to rewrite course or module documentation to indicate where and how LT materials have been incorporated.
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