Bedeutung und Funktion der doppelten Perfektbildungen (German Edition)

Theses and dissertations

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Crucially, Comrie notes that in relation to Since the relation before is transitive i. All that is inherent in 3 —or 4 —is that the event in the pluperfect must occur earlier than its reference event in the past. As with Comrie, we examine the importance of this observation when we examine the temporal-conceptual structure and mental perspective underlying the future perfect see next section. Trying to tease the two RFs apart would result in the dissolving of the sine qua non of the pluperfect: Additionally cognitive-linguistic analysis of complex temporal sentences in relation to Talmyan mental perspective points PPs suggests that F and G are cognized as points punctual events on the mental time line and they are mentally cognized from a distal PP as detailed in Stocker a ; cf.

A distal PP means mentally zooming out as much from an event as to collapse the entire duration of an event to a single temporal point. The self needs to zoom out this much in order to be able to cognize two events—that is the relationship between the two events—from one perspective point. Note also that the observation that the pluperfect indicates that self travels back from the present moment to a point in time prior to another past event to F 1 means that the reference point in the past G 1 can only be located in a prospective later direction when viewed from the perspective of F 1.

Thus the self at the point in the past that is prior to another event in the past must mentally travel look forward in order to establish the posterior reference point in order to establish G 1. What does the Talmyan approach to analyze mental time travel underlying the pluperfect add to the more traditional approach of Comrie? I see three main advantages. Secondly, the perspectival analysis of Fig. That there should be a prospective element when dealing with a past construction is not something that is intuitively immediately accessible; only systematic cognitive-linguistic analysis has ferreted this out.

Thirdly, the perspectival analysis of Fig. Again, the idea that there should be another temporal perspective point than the one looking back from the present moment into the past, is not necessarily intuitively immediately accessible, but is brought out by the cognitive-linguistic analysis. Thus far in this section, we have investigated the meaning of the pluperfect. Morpho-syntactically speaking, most modern European languages form the pluperfect by combining an auxiliary verb that is marked for the past e.

However, within some German dialects there is a morphosyntactic variant how anteriority in the past can be expressed which differs from the pluperfect. These are dialects where the simple past and the pluperfect have fallen out of use Comrie, , pp. Since Swiss German as other dialects in or near Southern Germany lacks both the simple past and the pluperfect, it must resort to different means to express simple past as well as anteriority in the past. In such Alemannic dialects the compound perfect with the auxiliary verb in the present tense covers both the perfect have come and the simple past came Comrie, , pp.

Thus in 5b , one finds a compound perfect cho isch in the subordinate clause that expresses a simple-past situation that the fire brigade came. A geometric and perspectival analysis of the doubled perfect leads to the same geometric and perspectival structure that has been proposed for the pluperfect cf. This is exemplified in Fig. Perspectival mental time travel into posteriority to G 1 embedded into perspectival mental time travel into anteriority in the past to the F 1 -co-located PP.

This nested dual form of perspectival mental time travel cannot only be proposed to underlie the pluperfect cf. Thus the analysis of the pluperfect and the doubled perfect allows one to propose that the same temporal-conceptual geometric, perspectival structure underlies these two different morpho-syntactic forms: Such a mental representation allows one to not only relate past events to the present moment, but also to relate past events in relation to other past events cf. Stocker a also argues in detail by providing cognitive-linguistic evidence that the schematic geometric representations, as for instance shown in Fig.

Rather it is proposed that such geometry is actually construed in our mind when we conceptualize time. This argumentation of Prior is taken over by allowing the present moment to function as a Ground see below in this article. Many arguments for a principal temporal-conceptual separation of the perfect and the pluperfect are given by Comrie , pp. To follow them up would go beyond the scope of the present investigation. However, in Swiss German as well as in other dialects in or near Southern Germany only the double perfect with the auxiliary verb in the present tense is in use since the simple-past morpho-syntactic form is, as just mentioned, no longer in use.

The present investigation only addresses the doubled perfect with an auxiliary verb in the present tense, since the main focus here is how language users who morpho-syntactically speaking have no simple past, nevertheless have a specific morpho-syntactic form that seems to have the same semantic function as the pluperfect does to express anteriority in the past.

However, native speaker judgments are not always in agreement on the meaning of these super compounds Comrie, , p. For this reason, they are left out of the present discussion. Since the future perfect I will have eaten when … is best known in its function to make reference to two points in the future, the future perfect is used in this section as an entree to perspectival mental time travel to two events in the future.

However, as will also be examined in this section, the future perfect can also underlie perspectival mental time travel along two events where one event is in the future and the other in the present or where one event is in the future and the other in the past. However, it is clear that he proposes that the suggested meaning of the future perfect holds true for the future perfect cross-linguistically.

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The existence of the future perfect has been noted traditionally for Latin and Greek, for Germanic languages e. Comrie also adds the languages Maltese and Luganda as using the future perfect , p. The mental geometric and perspectival analysis of the future perfect, as developed in this article, is proposed to underlie the use of the future perfect in all these languages.

The three distinct temporal interpretations that can be found in relation to the future perfect future, present and past interpretation also seem to hold true cross-linguistically Comrie: Comrie concludes that the temporal-conceptual structure underlying the future perfect differs to the one underlying the pluperfect in only one way: Reformulation in Talmyan concept structuring cf.

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Both formulations, 6 and 7 , encode a remarkable finding of Comrie about the future perfect, a finding that holds true cross-linguistically: Let us start with the example John will have finished his manuscript by tomorrow. Let us suppose moreover that I do not know whether or not John has already finished his manuscript or at least do not wish to reveal this knowledge , but I know and am prepared to divulge that he will have finished it by tomorrow — say, because he made a promise to this effect several days ago, and is judged by me to be reliable.

Then there are three sets of circumstances in which I can felicitously and truthfully utter this statement. The second is where John is in fact finishing his manuscript at this very moment, but I am unaware or wish to give the impression that I am unaware of this fact. The third is where John has already finished his manuscript, but I am unaware or wish to appear unaware of the fact.

This leads to three kinds of temporal relations that can underlie our use of the future perfect: Comrie has found these three possible temporalrelational interpretations of the future perfect in every language he has investigated that has a future perfect. Hence, it seems that this degree of temporal-relational freedom of the future perfect is a nondispensable characteristic of the meaning of the future perfect.

As further evidence that the event being referred to F 1 ; see below in a future-perfect construction can be in the future, present, or past, Comrie also offers the following analysis:. Will John finish his manuscript between now and tomorrow? Will John have finished his manuscript by tomorrow? Yes; in fact, he has already finished it.

If we now add—as we did with the temporal-conceptual structure underlying the pluperfect—mental temporal perspective Stocker, a ; Talmy, , pp. The temporal-conceptual structure and perspective underlying the future perfect with future interpretation Fig. However, the vital difference is again—as in before-past-tense constructions cf. Perspectival mental time travel into posteriority to G 1 embedded into perspectival mental time travel into anteriority in the future to the F 1 co-located PP , where the anterior event is also set in the future—a nested dual form of perspectival mental time travel underlying the future perfect with future interpretation.

Additionally, the present moment serves as a temporal reference point G 2 to locate by tomorrow F 2 after the present moment.

Mental Perspective in Multiple-Event Memory and Foresight

The novel finding in the temporal-conceptual structure and perspective underlying the future perfect with present interpretation Fig. More technically speaking, the novel proposal is the existence of a dual form of simultaneous temporal direct viewing, where both viewings are located at or co-located at the present moment. The major novel observation in the temporal-conceptual structure and perspective underlying the future perfect with past interpretation Fig.

This represents mental time travel into the future with the past as a departure point, passing by the present moment as it were. This is a novel finding since mental time travel into the future is normally always described as having the present moment as a point of mental departure e. Perspectival mental time travel into posteriority to G 1 embedded in perspectival mental time travel into anteriority in the future to the F 1 co-located PP , where the anterior event is set in the past—a nested dual form of perspectival mental time travel underlying the future perfect with past interpretation.

Additionally, the present moment serves as a temporal reference point G 2 to locate the by tomorrow F 2 after the present moment. This section now generalizes this finding by demonstrating that the distinction between direct and indirect temporal perspectives can be applied to any memory or foresight situation that involves recalling or anticipating a sequence of two or more events.

As Talmy , p. Comparably, recalling a series of items in a typical recall task can also be viewed as remembering a sequence of more than two events—for instance, a five-item list A-B-C-D-E in a serial recall task e. The multiple-event memory structure underlying 9 involves a conceptually larger timescale, a mental timescale that must allow marriage, divorce, and remarriage to occur and thus involves long-term memory. The multiple- item memory structure underlying five-item serial recall typically involves a much smaller mental timescale, typically one of seconds e.

This will be demonstrated below in this section.

Given the proposed underlying similarities, I will refer to recalling a series of large-timescale events and to recalling a series of small-timescale memory items collectively as multiple-event memory. Similarly, I will refer to multiple foresights of large-timescale events or small-timescale memory items collectively as multiple-event foresight.

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It is certainly the case that the distinction between the mental construals of large-timescale events long-term memory and small-timescale memory items short-term memory is conceptually relevant for many psychological and neurophysiological aspects of memory e. However, this distinction does not seem relevant for the present mental-geometric time line and mentalperspectival investigation into memory. Both of these memory systems or perhaps memory subsystems can be described with the same mentalgeometric and mental-perspectival properties.

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This model also assumes neutrality in terms of time scale or long term versus short term memory for certain basic properties of memory. The two principal perspectival solutions that emerge for such A-B-C-D-… structures in relation to multiple-event memory and foresight are what I term the one-direct-and-multiple-prospective-viewings solution and the alldirect-viewings solution or combination of one direct temporal viewing with serial prospective temporal viewings and all serial temporal direct viewings.

They are presented in Figs. At present, it is not clear if a cognizer typically uses the one-direct-andmultiple-prospective-viewings solution Fig. We may note, however, that the all-direct-viewings solution would most likely involve greater economical cost. The self at the present moment at recall would have to constantly update its retrospective viewing: In contrast, in the one-direct-and-multiple-prospective-viewings solution, the retrospective viewing from the present moment could remain at A during the entire cognition of the complex memory, since everything unfolds prospectively from this one perspective point in the past.

Perspectival mental time travel in multiple-event memory: A rememberer at the present moment at recall is looking back to the most retrospective past point A , which then functions as a perspective point in the past from where in turn the other remembered items can be viewed in a prospective fashion from A to B, from A to C, from A to D, and from A to E.

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Principally, the same solution could also be applied to multiple-event foresight; in this case the A-B-C-D… structure would be projected from the present moment into the future as a hypothetical series of upcoming events. A rememberer at the present moment at recall is looking back to the most retrospective past point A to in turn view A directly, then view B directly, then C, and so on to E. In terms of Figure and Ground, the present moment in Figs.

We may further note that the all-direct-viewings solution is also logically possible for memory situations that only involve recalling two events cf.

However, it can be argued that both episodic and semantic memory involve mental time travel Stocker , pp. Nevertheless, what still critically distinguishes episodic and semantic mental time travel is the following: Thus episodic mental time travel is clearly autonoetic. In contrast, semantic mental time travel is clearly not autonoetic. Nevertheless, as both episodic and semantic memory can be argued to involve the projection of a mental gaze along a mental time line, the current article characterizes both types as perspectival mental time travel cf. Stocker has demonstrated semantic mental time travel only for two-event semantic memory; so the question remains if semantic mental time travel can also be found in multiple-event-memory and foresight that involve more than two events.

This seems indeed possible, as can be demonstrated with language-as-an-entree analysis for the proposal of identical or similar mental mechanisms underlying mental projection through time in episodic and semantic serial recall cf. This sentence an adapted version of a semantic-memory sentence from Stocker, , p.

Given that it is stated that the wind starts blowing for the first time before the sun sets, the speaker expresses the belief that it is generally the case that there is also at least one more point in time afte r the sunset where the wind will start blowing for a second time and possibly a third and still further times.

In terms of Figure and Ground, this suggests that the sunset event also functions as a second G G 2 , in relation to which the third event the wind blowing a second time is temporally placed as a second Figure F 2. Stocker a, where semantic mental time travel underlying before and after is investigated extensively.

Perspectival mental time travel in multiple-event semantic memory: Hence the present moment is—unlike in the previous Figures—not part of the basic geometric-perspectival outline here. However, given that the present moment is by necessity always the point of recall, the present moment could still influence how near or far apart from each other events A, B, and C are mentally construed cf. Thus, the mental-geometric structure line and regions thereupon and the mental-perspectival structure of multiple-event memory and foresight can be argued to exist in both episodic and semantic memory.

This provides evidence that multiple-event structure and perspectival cognition thereof are general properties of memory, general properties underlying both episodic and semantic memory such general memory is sometimes also referred to as propositional or declarative memory. Despite the proposal that episodic and semantic memory share some basic mental-geometric and mentalperspectival properties, it is certainly the case that episodic and semantic memory are also different in many respects cf.

Episodic memory for instance involves a self at the present moment projecting into the past or into the future in episodic foresight cf. The current investigation has proposed a range of novel notions for mental perspective in multiple-event memory and foresight, some of which have been shown to be relevant for mental time travel along two events and some of which are additionally also relevant for mental time travel along a series of events along more than two events. The following novel distinctions have been identified in relation to perspectival mental time travel along two events: The following further novel distinctions have been identified to relate to mental time travel along two or more events: These novel notions have only been possible to identify because the current investigation uses a basic theoretical approach—Talmyan concept structuring Talmy, with the further refinement for temporal cognition by Stocker a —that inherently incorporates temporal mental perspective into the explanatory framework.

Including perspective is an aspect that most approaches to temporal cognition have not incorporated in their basic descriptive framework cf. One advantage that in general comes out of the current work and of Stocker a , b is that it offers a systematic and detailed explanatory framework how mental perspective can be included in a theory of temporal cognition and memory.

The relevance of this can for instance be illustrated in relation to cognitive models of memory retrieval. This time line is logarithmically compressed, such that recent locations are more easily discriminable from one another than are more temporally distant locations p. Unlike the current investigation, SIMPLE additionally also considers proximal and distal aspects of these temporal points on the time line.

Such perspectival refinements are likely to be relevant for a recall model. In embodied-perspective memories one is known to retrieve richer accounts of affective reactions, physical sensations, and psychological states whereas in disembodiedperspective memories one is known to retrieve richer accounts of the external environment, such as where things were located in the remembered surroundings e.

The current investigation has provided evidence that mental geometry time line and temporal regions on it and mental perspective are relevant dimensions of mental time travel. More generally, this raises the question if these two cognitive properties—mental geometry and mental perspective— are basic and indispensable properties of human mental projection through time cf. Indeed, the question if mental time travel fundamentally involves mental geometry spatializing time and mental perspective, might also be helpful in the long-standing debate if animals mentally travel through time the way humans do or not.

This debate has recently been resumed anew in a dialogue between Corballis a , b and Suddendorf The rat can anticipate what spatial object might lie ahead when it for instance projects into the future along a mentally construed spatial path. Spatializing time geometrizing time makes the abstract domain of mental time more concrete and available for mental perspective.

Perhaps then it is this combination of geometrized time and perspectival cognition thereof that gives human mental time travel its distinguished character. Findings of theoretical cognitive linguistics, experimental cognitive psychology, and mathematical cognitive modeling point to the possibility that mental geometry and mental perspective are indispensable dimensions of human temporal cognition and human memory and foresight. Constructive episodic simulation of the future and the past: Distinct subsystems of a core brain network mediate imagining and remembering.

A proposed system and its control processes. Space, time, semantics, and the child. Field and observer viewpoint in remember-know memories of personal childhood events. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Remembering one year later: Role of the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system in retrieving emotional memories. Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state. Storage mechanisms in recall.

Wie Deutschschweizer Kinder H ochdeutsch lernen: Der ungesteuerte Erwerb des ges prochenen Hochdeutschen durch Deutschschweizer Kinder zwischen sechs und acht Jahren. The pivotal role of semantic memory in remembering the past and imagining the future. Evolution, progress, and reflections on the 30th anniversary of the Atkinson—Shif frin model.

Amygdala activity is associated with the successful encoding of item, but not source, information for positive and negative stimuli. Temporal marking in Korean attributive clauses and linguistic encoding of human memory. The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. The role of perspective in temporal language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory, and Cognition. Do monkeys think in metaphors? Representations of space and time in monkeys and humans.

The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary English. See all formats and pricing Online. Prices are subject to change without notice. Prices do not include postage and handling if applicable. Eine Systematik der Arzt-Patienten-Interaktion. Die Leistungen der Kinder beim Lesen- und Schreibenlernen.

Grundlagen der Silbenanalytischen Methode. Sprache und sprachliches Handeln. Anglizismen in der Pressesprache. Untersuchungen zur Syntax niederdeutscher Dialekte. Forschungsuberblick, Methode und Ergebnisse einer Korpusanalyse. Frankfurt am Main u. Synchrone Analyse als Fenster zur Diachronie. Phonetische Reduktion im Deutschen als L2. Volume 9 Issue Dec , pp. Volume 8 Issue Dec , pp.

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